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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem with extremely complex epidemiology involving the direct and indirect transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and mobile genetic elements between humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is, therefore, recognized as a ‘One Health’ issue. Data that describe AMR prevalence and trends are required to enable the judicious and prudent use of antimicrobials in animals, which has implications both from veterinary and animal welfare aspects as well as from a zoonotic and public health perspective. Horses are a potential reservoir of AMR for humans due to close human–animal contact, as was demonstrated with shared human and horse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains causing outbreaks in equine hospitals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, considered as clinically and economically important to the AMR burden in human and veterinary medicine, has been reported in both community and clinic equine populations. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae pose a major worldwide threat due to the geographical expansion of ESBL-producing clones as well as the horizontal interspecies dissemination of ESBL-encoding plasmids and genes. In human medicine, ESBL-E infection is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, delay of targeted appropriate treatment, and higher costs. These issues also need to be addressed in horses. This Special Issue on AMR in horses encompasses several papers that describe the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular data on MDR bacteria in healthy horses in Canada, Japan, Spain, and Israel, in addition to papers that describe the clinical impact of MDR bacteria in diseased horses in Austria, USA, France and Israel.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- equine --- foal --- ESBL-E --- antibiotic resistance --- shedding --- umbilical infection --- risk factors --- healthy horses --- staphylococci --- MSSA --- ST1640 --- lukPQ --- ESBL --- Escherichia coli --- Enterobacteriaceae --- antimicrobial resistance --- CTX-M-1 --- SHV --- farm --- ESBL-E acquisition --- AmpC --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- antibiotic-resistance --- β-lactamases --- horses --- extended-spectrum β-lactamase --- AmpC β-lactamase --- horse --- multidrug resistance --- beta-lactamase --- cephalosporinase --- microbiota --- North America --- horse pathogens --- epidemiology --- n/a

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Air pollution, due to natural and anthropogenic sources, incurs enormous environmental costs. The issue of healthy living spaces and good air quality is a global concern, because each individual inhales 15,000 L of air every 24 h. Thus, contemporary monitoring and reducing exposure to air pollutants presents a particular challenge. One of the crucial indicators of indoor and outdoor air quality is bioaerosols. They play an instrumental role as risk factors when it comes to adverse health outcome. These indicators, also known as primary biological airborne particles (PBAPs), have been linked to various health effects such as infectious diseases, toxic effects, allergies, and even cancer. PBAPs include all particles with a biological source in suspension in the air (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and pollen), as well as biomolecules (toxins, and debris from membranes). To foster our current scientific knowledge on bioaerosols, research related to the characteristics of biological aerosols in indoor and outdoor environments, the methods used to improve air quality, as well as the health effects of and exposure assessments to bioaerosols, have been collected in this book.

radiant catalytic ionization --- Enterococcus spp. --- Clostridioides difficile --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- indoor air --- microbiological indoor air quality (MIAQ) --- bacterial aerosol (BA) --- size distribution --- gymnastic hall --- multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) --- indoor microclimate --- decentralized façade ventilation --- air quality --- indoor air quality --- microbiological contamination --- heterotrophic bacteria --- antimicrobial resistance --- mannitol-positive staphylococci --- fungi --- biological air pollutants --- fungal aerosol --- air cleaner --- life cycle assessment --- n/a --- decentralized façade ventilation

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Biofilms are multicellular sessile microbial communities embedded in hydrated extracellular polymeric matrices. Their formation is common in microbial life in most environments, whereas those formed on food-processing surfaces are of considerable interest in the context of food hygiene. Biofilm cells express properties that are distinct from planktonic ones, in particular, due to their notorious resistance to antimicrobial agents. Thus, a special feature of biofilms is that once they have developed, they are hard to eradicate, even when careful sanitization procedures are regularly applied. A large amount of ongoing research has investigated how and why surface-attached microbial communities develop such resistance, and several mechanisms can be acknowledged, such as heterogeneous metabolic activity, cell adaptive responses, diffusion limitations, genetic and functional diversification, and microbial interactions. The articles contained in this Special Issue deal with biofilms of some important food-related bacteria (including common pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as spoilage-causing spore-forming bacilli), providing novel insights into their resistance mechanisms and implications, together with novel methods (e.g., use of protective biofilms formed by beneficial bacteria, enzymes) that could be used to overcome resistance and thus improve the safety of our food supply and protect public health.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Salmonella --- biofilm --- morpothypes --- stainless steel --- food residues --- tomato --- poultry --- milk --- biofilms --- DNase I --- pre-treatment --- post-treatment --- mixed species biofilm --- disintegration of matrix --- antibiofilm methods --- bacteriocins --- biocides --- food industry --- food safety --- Listeria monocytogenes --- resistance --- lactic acid bacteria --- probiotic potential --- staphylococci --- mastitis --- dairy industry --- Bacillus species --- biofilm derived spores --- cleaning-in-place --- disinfecting effect --- disinfectants --- transcriptome --- foodborne pathogens --- dairy bacilli --- stress adaptation --- disinfection --- biocontrol --- enzymes --- Salmonella --- biofilm --- morpothypes --- stainless steel --- food residues --- tomato --- poultry --- milk --- biofilms --- DNase I --- pre-treatment --- post-treatment --- mixed species biofilm --- disintegration of matrix --- antibiofilm methods --- bacteriocins --- biocides --- food industry --- food safety --- Listeria monocytogenes --- resistance --- lactic acid bacteria --- probiotic potential --- staphylococci --- mastitis --- dairy industry --- Bacillus species --- biofilm derived spores --- cleaning-in-place --- disinfecting effect --- disinfectants --- transcriptome --- foodborne pathogens --- dairy bacilli --- stress adaptation --- disinfection --- biocontrol --- enzymes

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem with extremely complex epidemiology involving the direct and indirect transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and mobile genetic elements between humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is, therefore, recognized as a ‘One Health’ issue. Data that describe AMR prevalence and trends are required to enable the judicious and prudent use of antimicrobials in animals, which has implications both from veterinary and animal welfare aspects as well as from a zoonotic and public health perspective. Horses are a potential reservoir of AMR for humans due to close human–animal contact, as was demonstrated with shared human and horse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains causing outbreaks in equine hospitals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, considered as clinically and economically important to the AMR burden in human and veterinary medicine, has been reported in both community and clinic equine populations. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae pose a major worldwide threat due to the geographical expansion of ESBL-producing clones as well as the horizontal interspecies dissemination of ESBL-encoding plasmids and genes. In human medicine, ESBL-E infection is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, delay of targeted appropriate treatment, and higher costs. These issues also need to be addressed in horses. This Special Issue on AMR in horses encompasses several papers that describe the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular data on MDR bacteria in healthy horses in Canada, Japan, Spain, and Israel, in addition to papers that describe the clinical impact of MDR bacteria in diseased horses in Austria, USA, France and Israel.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- equine --- foal --- ESBL-E --- antibiotic resistance --- shedding --- umbilical infection --- risk factors --- healthy horses --- staphylococci --- MSSA --- ST1640 --- lukPQ --- ESBL --- Escherichia coli --- Enterobacteriaceae --- antimicrobial resistance --- CTX-M-1 --- SHV --- farm --- ESBL-E acquisition --- AmpC --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- antibiotic-resistance --- β-lactamases --- horses --- extended-spectrum β-lactamase --- AmpC β-lactamase --- horse --- multidrug resistance --- beta-lactamase --- cephalosporinase --- microbiota --- North America --- horse pathogens --- epidemiology --- equine --- foal --- ESBL-E --- antibiotic resistance --- shedding --- umbilical infection --- risk factors --- healthy horses --- staphylococci --- MSSA --- ST1640 --- lukPQ --- ESBL --- Escherichia coli --- Enterobacteriaceae --- antimicrobial resistance --- CTX-M-1 --- SHV --- farm --- ESBL-E acquisition --- AmpC --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- antibiotic-resistance --- β-lactamases --- horses --- extended-spectrum β-lactamase --- AmpC β-lactamase --- horse --- multidrug resistance --- beta-lactamase --- cephalosporinase --- microbiota --- North America --- horse pathogens --- epidemiology

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This reprint collates papers from a Special Issue of the journal Antibiotics, which was entitled "Ocular surface Infection and Antimicrobials". The papers cover aspects such as common microbes which cause ocular infections and their susceptibility to antibiotics; how guidelines for antibiotic use can translate to improved patient compliance; how bacteria respond to antibiotics; and lastly, new treatments and ways of preventing ocular surface infections.

Bacteriology (non-medical) --- coagulase-negative staphylococci --- eye infections --- endophthalmitis --- keratitis --- conjunctivitis --- blepharitis --- API Staph --- Biolog --- DNA sequencing --- sodA gene --- antibiotic susceptibility --- bacterial infection --- Serratia marcescens --- transcription factor --- ocular surface --- epithelium --- cornea --- metabolomics --- ocular infection --- predatory bacteria --- Bdellovibrio --- Micavibrio --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Enterobacterales --- infection --- bacteria --- stress response system --- antibiotic --- Staphylococcus aureus --- antibiotic resistance --- biofilms --- antimicrobial peptides --- ciprofloxacin --- combined effect --- microbial keratitis --- corneal infiltrative events --- MPDS susceptibility --- Staphyloccus aureus --- MSSA --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis --- multilocus sequence typing --- Panton-Valentine leukocidin --- Mel4 peptide --- antimicrobial contact lens --- extended wear --- biocompatibility --- comfort --- clinical trail --- misuse of antibiotics --- orthokeratology --- contact lens --- questionnaire --- contact lenses --- ultraviolet C --- Pseudomonas --- Staphylococcus --- Fusarium --- Candida --- ocular infectious isolates --- whole genome sequencing --- virulence factors --- n/a