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Prehistoric peoples --- Cavemen (Prehistoric peoples) --- Early man --- Man, Prehistoric --- Prehistoric archaeology --- Prehistoric human beings --- Prehistoric humans --- Prehistory --- Human beings --- Antiquities, Prehistoric --- Eurasia --- Asia --- Europe --- Antiquities --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- archeology --- European and Asian prehistory --- archaeogenetic studies --- population dynamics and cultural trajectories in prehistory --- radiocarbon dating --- palaeodietary reconstruction based on stable isotope analysis --- Archeology --- european and asian prehistory --- Primitive societies

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Freshwater ecosystems are deeply affected by human pressure, such as species introduction, which remains a major concern for these ecosystems. The arrival of new species can have different ecological effects, and sometimes leads to biological invasions and adverse impacts. Introduced species establish new interactions (e.g., predation, competition) with the recipient community. These can modify the aquatic community’s structure, composition, and functions. Understanding these interactions remains a key concern in conservation biology. This Special Issue of Water aims to explore these topics.

aquatic communities --- direct/indirect interactions --- ecological impacts --- species introduction --- stable isotope analysis --- trophic levels --- fisheries economics --- invasive species --- Pterygoplichthys --- suckermouth armored catfishes --- tilapia --- diversity --- profit index --- Simpson’s diversity --- fish --- non-native species --- biological invasion --- radio telemetry --- migration --- sex-dependent --- homing --- Veneroida --- Ireland --- mtCOI --- microsatellites --- morphology --- freshwaters --- pikeperch --- trophic ecology --- diet specialization --- non-native fish

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Perturbations linked to the direct and indirect impacts of human activities during the Anthropocene affect the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems to varying degrees. Some perturbations involve stress to aquatic life, including soil and water acidification, soil erosion, loss of base cations, release of trace metals/organic compounds, and application of essential nutrients capable of stimulating primary productivity. Superimposed onto these changes, climate warming impacts aquatic environments via altering species’ metabolic processes and by modifying food web interactions. The interaction stressors is difficult to predict because of the differential response of species and taxonomic groups, interacting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. Whenever different trophic levels respond differently to climate warming, food webs are restructured; yet, the consequences of warming-induced changes for the food web structure and long-term population dynamics of different trophic levels remain poorly understood. Such changes are crucial in lakes, where food web production is mainly due to ectotherms, which are highly sensitive to changes in their surrounding environment. Due to its remarkable physical inertia, including thermal stability, global warming also has a profound effect on groundwater ecosystems. Combining contemporary and palaeo data is essential to understand the degree to which mechanisms of stressors impact on lake biological communities and lake ecosystem functioning. The degree to which alterations can affect aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning also requires functional diversity to be addressed at the molecular level, to reconstruct the role different species play in the transfer of material and energy through the food web. In this issue, we present examples of the impact of different stressors and their interaction on aquatic ecosystems, providing long-term, metabolic, molecular, and paleolimnological analyses.

multivariate analyses --- risk assessment --- aquatic insects --- crustaceans --- lab-microcosms --- nonmetric multidimensional scaling --- adaptation --- porous aquifer --- PERMANOVA --- Planktothrix rubescens --- species conservation --- distribution patterns of species --- Cyanobacteria --- fossil Cladocera --- high throughput sequencing --- machine learning model --- stability --- small lakes --- environmental factor --- non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) --- stream ecosystem --- lake vulnerability --- PCA --- functional diversity --- ecological resilience --- nitrification --- deep lake --- metabolism --- South–North Water Diversion Project --- endemic species --- EPT taxa --- trophic interactions --- stable isotope analysis --- environmental change --- bioassessment --- generalized procrustes analysis --- freshwater pollution --- colonization --- paleolimnology --- Tychonema bourrellyi --- plankton --- subalpine lakes --- random forest model --- Danjiangkou Reservoir --- trophic degree --- multiple scale --- biodiversity --- copepods --- zooplankton --- groundwater --- genetic variability --- respirometry --- ammonium impact --- Stable Isotopes Analysis --- trophic gradient --- seasonality

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Zooplankton are of key importance in the structure and functioning of aquatic food webs. They contribute to a large part of the functional and structural biodiversity of predator and prey plankton communities. Promptly responding to long-term and seasonal changes in the physical and chemical environment, they are sensitive indicators of patterns and mechanisms of impact drivers, both natural and human induced. In this volume, we aim to present evidence for both long-term and seasonal changes in zooplankton community structure and dynamics, investigating different approaches from population dynamics to advanced molecular techniques and reconstructing past communities from subfossil remains in lake sediments.

Zn-Pb maine --- subfossil --- Cladocera --- heavy metals --- CCA analyses --- anthropogenic impact --- B-Splines smoothing --- Functional Data Analysis --- limnology --- monitoring ecological dynamics --- oligotrophication --- zooplankton --- phytoplankton --- Yellow Sea --- sand-dust deposition --- protists --- trophic structure --- Acartia tonsa --- Lagoon of Venice --- nonindigenous species --- zooplankton distribution --- coexistence patterns --- niche overlaps --- long-term ecological research --- Daphnia pulex --- stream ecology --- river dispersion --- live organic matter --- fish feeding --- population dynamics --- size --- match-mismatch --- Spitsbergen --- laser optical plankton counter --- stable isotope analysis --- persistent organic pollutants --- crustacean zooplankton --- freshwater --- size fractions --- seasonality --- autochthony --- cladocera --- functional ecology --- organic carbon --- paleolimnology --- tundra lakes --- UV radiation --- Mesozooplankton --- salinity --- abundance --- distribution --- diversity --- Maryland Coastal Bays --- species richness --- phylogenetic diversity --- bioclimate --- freshwater ponds --- diapausing eggs --- high mountain lakes --- Himalayas --- Daphnia --- Bosmina --- pheophorbide a --- fish predation --- grazing --- ephippia --- cladocera sub-fossil remains

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Zooplankton are of key importance in the structure and functioning of aquatic food webs. They contribute to a large part of the functional and structural biodiversity of predator and prey plankton communities. Promptly responding to long-term and seasonal changes in the physical and chemical environment, they are sensitive indicators of patterns and mechanisms of impact drivers, both natural and human induced. In this volume, we aim to present evidence for both long-term and seasonal changes in zooplankton community structure and dynamics, investigating different approaches from population dynamics to advanced molecular techniques and reconstructing past communities from subfossil remains in lake sediments.

Research & information: general --- Zn-Pb maine --- subfossil --- Cladocera --- heavy metals --- CCA analyses --- anthropogenic impact --- B-Splines smoothing --- Functional Data Analysis --- limnology --- monitoring ecological dynamics --- oligotrophication --- zooplankton --- phytoplankton --- Yellow Sea --- sand-dust deposition --- protists --- trophic structure --- Acartia tonsa --- Lagoon of Venice --- nonindigenous species --- zooplankton distribution --- coexistence patterns --- niche overlaps --- long-term ecological research --- Daphnia pulex --- stream ecology --- river dispersion --- live organic matter --- fish feeding --- population dynamics --- size --- match-mismatch --- Spitsbergen --- laser optical plankton counter --- stable isotope analysis --- persistent organic pollutants --- crustacean zooplankton --- freshwater --- size fractions --- seasonality --- autochthony --- cladocera --- functional ecology --- organic carbon --- paleolimnology --- tundra lakes --- UV radiation --- Mesozooplankton --- salinity --- abundance --- distribution --- diversity --- Maryland Coastal Bays --- species richness --- phylogenetic diversity --- bioclimate --- freshwater ponds --- diapausing eggs --- high mountain lakes --- Himalayas --- Daphnia --- Bosmina --- pheophorbide a --- fish predation --- grazing --- ephippia --- cladocera sub-fossil remains