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Pursuing a scalable production methodology for materials and advancing it from the laboratory to industry is beneficial to novel daily-life applications. From this perspective, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers a compromise between efficiency, controllability, tunability and excellent run-to-run repeatability in the coverage of monolayers on substrates. Hence, CVD meets all of the requirements for industrialization in basically all areas, including polymer coatings, metals, water-filtration systems, solar cells and so on. The Special Issue “Advances in Chemical Vapor Deposition” is dedicated to providing an overview of the latest experimental findings and identifying the growth parameters and characteristics of perovskites, TiO2, Al2O3, VO2 and V2O5 with desired qualities for potentially useful devices.

Technology: general issues --- APCVD --- VO2 --- processing parameters --- 2D --- chemical vapor deposition --- atomic layer deposition --- aluminum oxide --- aluminum tri-sec-butoxide --- thin film --- carbon nanotubes --- residual gas adsorption --- residual gas desorption --- field emission --- atmospheric pressure CVD --- low pressure CVD --- hybrid CVD --- aerosol assisted CVD --- pulsed CVD --- perovskite photovoltaic nanomaterials --- stabilization --- structural design --- performance optimization --- solar cells --- anatase single crystals --- process-induced nanostructures --- competitive growth --- pp-MOCVD --- vanadium pentoxide --- electrochromic --- spray pyrolysis --- ammonium metavanadate --- CVD --- electrochromism --- perovskite photovoltaic materials --- TiO2 --- Al2O3 --- V2O5 --- computational fluid dynamics

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Although the seminal work of Fujishima et al. dates back to 1971, TiO2 still remains the most diffused and studied semiconductor, employed in photo-oxidation processes for cleantech (i.e., polluted water and air treatment), in solar fuel production (mainly hydrogen production by water photo splitting), and in Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) processes by CO2 photoreduction. The eleven articles, among them three reviews, in this book cover recent results and research trends of various aspects of titanium dioxide photocatalysis, with the chief aim of improving the final efficiency of TiO2-based materials. Strategies include doping, metal co-catalyst deposition, and the realization of composites with plasmonic materials, other semiconductors, and graphene. Photocatalysts with high efficiency and selectivity can be also obtained by controlling the precise crystal shape (and homogeneous size) and the organization in superstructures from ultrathin films to hierarchical nanostructures. Finally, the theoretical modeling of TiO2 nanoparticles is discussed and highlighted. The range of topics addressed in this book will stimulate the reader’s interest as well as provide a valuable source of information for researchers in academia and industry.

UV-visible --- n/a --- oxidative reaction systems --- photodegradation --- nanospheres --- heterojunction --- Ag/AgCl@TiO2 fibers --- polymorphism --- XRD --- copper-modified titania --- ultrasonic vibration --- brookite --- TiO2 modification --- simulated Extended X-ray Adsorption Fine-Structure (EXAFS) --- nanorod spheres --- trapped electrons --- flame-spray pyrolysis --- titania/water interface --- microwave irradiation --- plasmonic photocatalyst --- graphene-TiO2 --- photocatalytic hydrogen production --- microstreaming --- B3LYP --- HRTEM --- hardness --- printing and dyeing wastewater --- SCC-DFTB --- TiO2 --- photoelectrochemistry --- titanium --- bulk defects --- methanol photo-steam reforming --- spray coating --- sol-gel --- FTIR --- S-doping --- photocatalysis --- sulfidation --- lattice defects --- polymorph --- anodization --- pine-cone TiO2 nanoclusters --- nanorod arrays --- formation mechanism --- Cu and Pt nanoparticles --- excitons --- TiO2 nanotubes --- adhesion --- trapping --- flexible substrates --- optical absorption --- large-sized films --- surface defects --- titanium dioxide --- accumulated electrons

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Advances in synthesis of metallic, oxidic and composite powders were presented via the following methods: ultrasound-assisted leaching¸ ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, ball milling, molten salt electrolysis, galvanostatic electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, thermochemical decomposition, inductively coupled thermal plasma, precipitation and high pressure carbonation in an autoclave. This Special Issue contains 17 papers from Europe, Asia, Australia, South Africa and the Balkans. The synthesis was focused on metals: Co, Cu; Re; oxides: ZnO, MgO, SiO2; V2O5; sulfides: MoS2, core shell material: Cu-Al2O3, Pt/TiO2; compounds: Ca0.75Ce0.25ZrTi2O7, Mo5Si3, Ti6Al4V. The environmentally friendly strategies were presented at the carbonation of olivine, treatment of acid mine drainage water and production of vanadium oxide.

Research & information: general --- Ti6Al4V --- HDH --- powder metallurgy --- powder synthesis --- ZnO --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- influential parameters --- formation mechanism --- structure --- morphologies --- characterization --- TEM --- HRTEM --- Mo silicide --- Mo5Si3 --- spheroidizing --- powder --- inductively coupled thermal plasma --- MgCO3-powder --- synthesis --- CO2- absorption --- olivine carbonation --- autoclave --- thermal decomposition --- CO2 utilization --- vanadium precipitation --- vanadium oxides --- vanadium-bearing shale --- vanadium strip liquor --- copper --- electrolysis --- hydrogen --- SEM --- XRD --- PSD --- tribology materials --- tungsten disulfide --- tungsten trioxide --- silica --- precipitation --- uranium --- zirconolite --- brannerite --- betafite --- leaching --- kinetics --- acid mine drainage --- iron --- aluminium --- coagulation --- water treatment --- electrocatalysis --- supported Pt nanoparticles --- Pt/TiO2 synthesis --- Titanium oxide colloid --- acid mine drainage (AMD) --- flotation tailings --- AMD neutralization --- metals’ precipitation --- polluted site remediation --- synergy of processes --- Al-Ti alloy --- electrochemical co-deposition --- chloroaluminate melt --- ammonium perrhenate --- rhenium --- disproportionation reaction --- hydrogen reduction --- oxide --- nanocomposites --- alumina --- thermochemistry --- polycrystalline diamond --- cobalt --- ultrasound --- aqua regia --- polycrystalline diamond blanks

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Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders.

zirconium --- eudialyte --- hydrometallurgy --- basic sulfate precipitation --- macroporous polymer --- goethite --- factorial design --- desorption --- tailings reprocessing --- early stage cost estimation --- magnetic separation --- leaching --- flotation --- silica --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- synthesis --- acid mine drainage --- red mud --- neutralization --- immobilization --- precipitation --- nitinol --- continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod --- atomic layer deposition --- corrosion properties --- potentiodynamic test --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- NdFeB --- magnet --- non-ferrous metals --- cavitation erosion --- optical microscopy --- electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- aluminium --- thin-layer electrolysis --- molten salts --- halides --- capillary cell --- electrorefining --- non-commercial copper anode --- waste solution --- high content --- Ni --- Pb --- Sn --- Sb --- passivation --- anode slime --- pentlandite --- oxidation --- reaction mechanism --- phase analysis --- silver --- copper --- nanoparticles --- antibacterial --- MnO2 --- cobalt oxide Co3O4 --- perovskite materials --- oxygen reduction in alkaline media --- electrocatalyst --- Pt catalyst --- nanocomposite --- mixed oxides --- NiAl2O4 --- ZnAl2O4 --- electrocatalysis --- nanocatalyst --- noble metal nanoparticles --- leachate --- metal ions extraction --- selectivity --- Fe removal --- electrodeposition --- conductometry --- n/a

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Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mining technology & engineering --- zirconium --- eudialyte --- hydrometallurgy --- basic sulfate precipitation --- macroporous polymer --- goethite --- factorial design --- desorption --- tailings reprocessing --- early stage cost estimation --- magnetic separation --- leaching --- flotation --- silica --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- synthesis --- acid mine drainage --- red mud --- neutralization --- immobilization --- precipitation --- nitinol --- continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod --- atomic layer deposition --- corrosion properties --- potentiodynamic test --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- NdFeB --- magnet --- non-ferrous metals --- cavitation erosion --- optical microscopy --- electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- aluminium --- thin-layer electrolysis --- molten salts --- halides --- capillary cell --- electrorefining --- non-commercial copper anode --- waste solution --- high content --- Ni --- Pb --- Sn --- Sb --- passivation --- anode slime --- pentlandite --- oxidation --- reaction mechanism --- phase analysis --- silver --- copper --- nanoparticles --- antibacterial --- MnO2 --- cobalt oxide Co3O4 --- perovskite materials --- oxygen reduction in alkaline media --- electrocatalyst --- Pt catalyst --- nanocomposite --- mixed oxides --- NiAl2O4 --- ZnAl2O4 --- electrocatalysis --- nanocatalyst --- noble metal nanoparticles --- leachate --- metal ions extraction --- selectivity --- Fe removal --- electrodeposition --- conductometry --- zirconium --- eudialyte --- hydrometallurgy --- basic sulfate precipitation --- macroporous polymer --- goethite --- factorial design --- desorption --- tailings reprocessing --- early stage cost estimation --- magnetic separation --- leaching --- flotation --- silica --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- synthesis --- acid mine drainage --- red mud --- neutralization --- immobilization --- precipitation --- nitinol --- continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod --- atomic layer deposition --- corrosion properties --- potentiodynamic test --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- NdFeB --- magnet --- non-ferrous metals --- cavitation erosion --- optical microscopy --- electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- aluminium --- thin-layer electrolysis --- molten salts --- halides --- capillary cell --- electrorefining --- non-commercial copper anode --- waste solution --- high content --- Ni --- Pb --- Sn --- Sb --- passivation --- anode slime --- pentlandite --- oxidation --- reaction mechanism --- phase analysis --- silver --- copper --- nanoparticles --- antibacterial --- MnO2 --- cobalt oxide Co3O4 --- perovskite materials --- oxygen reduction in alkaline media --- electrocatalyst --- Pt catalyst --- nanocomposite --- mixed oxides --- NiAl2O4 --- ZnAl2O4 --- electrocatalysis --- nanocatalyst --- noble metal nanoparticles --- leachate --- metal ions extraction --- selectivity --- Fe removal --- electrodeposition --- conductometry