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Marine fungal natural products are well-known as the “blue gold,” as they have been promising leads for drug discovery and development. Even though marine fungi are less explored in comparison to their terrestrial counterparts, a number of useful hits have been obtained from a drug discovery perspective. Topics discussed in this book include a review on novel natural products from extremophilic fungi, secondary metabolites from deep-sea fungi; natural products from fungi in a symbiotic relationship with marine macro-organisms; and bioactive metabolites from sediment-derived fungi. Marine biologists, chemists, and pharmacologists will find the book a good reference material. The book covers various bioactive marine fungal natural products, and it is hoped that this book aids scientists explore fungal chemical diversity.

natural products --- extremophilic fungi --- biological activity --- deep-sea derived fungus --- Phialocephala sp. --- nitrogen-containing sorbicillinoids --- radical scavenging activity --- sponge-derived fungus --- Alternaria sp. --- perylenequinone derivatives --- X-ray single crystal diffraction --- cytotoxic activity --- antibacterial --- Phomopsis lithocarpus --- benzophenone derivatives --- eremophilane derivative --- aspochalasin --- tricyclic fused --- gut fungus --- cytotoxicity --- endophytic fungus --- Myrothecium sp. --- meroterpenoids --- isocoumarinoids --- α-glucosidase inhibitors --- salt-resistant plant --- Apocynum venetum --- Fusarium solani H915 --- bis-alkenoic acid esters --- fusaridioic acid A --- fusariumester A1 --- fusariumester A2 --- fusariumester B --- tea pathogenic fungi inhibitory effect --- herqueinones --- phenalenones --- Penicillium sp. --- marine-derived fungi --- adipogenesis --- anti-angiogenesis --- anti-inflammatory --- marine-derived fungus --- Aspergillus versicolor --- diketopiperazine --- anthraquinone derivatives --- Sporendonema casei --- cytotoxic activities --- antibacterial activities --- n/a

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This Special Issue, as a continuation of the previous Special Issue, “Bioactive Molecules from Extreme Environments” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/Extreme_Environments accessed on 4 November 2021), includes 10 research articles and 2 reviews, providing a wide overview of the chemical biodiversity offered by different marine organisms inhabiting extreme environments to be used for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. The six articles in this Special Issue are focused on the polar regions, which represent an untapped source of marine natural products and are still largely unexplored compared to more accessible sites. Many of these articles refer to Antarctica, which is the coldest and most inaccessible continent on the Earth, where extreme temperatures, light and ice have selected biological communities with a unique suite of bioactive metabolites. The marine organisms of Arctic and Antarctic environments are a reservoir of natural compounds, exhibiting huge structural diversity and significant bioactivities that could be used in human applications.

Arctic/Antarctic --- marine bioprospecting --- marine natural product --- terpene --- terpenoid --- biotechnological application --- drug discovery --- microalgae --- Muriellopsis --- spray drying --- freeze-drying --- lutein --- supercritical fluid extraction --- cyclic tripeptides --- antibacterial --- Antarctica sponge-derived fungus --- Aspergillus insulicola --- psychrophiles --- Antarctic bacteria --- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- lipid A --- structural characterization --- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- marine natural products --- Mollusca --- Gastropoda --- chemical ecology --- crustin --- antimicrobial peptides --- shrimp --- deep-sea hydrothermal vent --- deep-sea microorganism --- fungus --- Penicillium griseofulvum --- anti-food allergy --- fungal metabolites --- Paenibacillus --- Arctic --- Svalbard --- Marfey’s method --- DP4 calculation --- quinone reductase --- lipopeptide --- 3-amino-2-pyrrolidinone --- green synthesis --- biomaterials --- metal --- antibiotics --- nanotechnology --- deep sea natural products --- Mariana Trench --- Dermacoccus abyssi MT 1.1T --- 13C-NMR chemical shift linear and multiple regression --- (DFT)-UV-Vis spectral calculation --- phenoxazine --- dermacozine --- absorption maxima in the near infrared region --- Antarctica --- sponges --- mycalols --- marine biotechnology --- antifungal activity --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Panama disease --- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense --- bioactive compound --- iturin A5 --- n/a

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The Book covers this whole field, from the discovery of structurally new and bioactive natural products (including biomacromolecules), from marine macro-/micro-organisms, to the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, metabolisms, and mechanisms of marine-derived lead compounds, both in vitro and in vivo, along with the synthesis and/or structural optimization of marine-derived lead compounds and their structure–activity relationships. Taken together, this Special Issue reprint not only provides inspiration for the discovery of marine-derived novel bioactive compounds, but also sheds light on the further research and development of marine candidate drugs.

Medicine --- Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) --- peptide --- antioxidant activity --- stability --- oyster --- plasma --- peptidome --- antimicrobial peptides --- cytotoxicity --- actinomycete --- piericidins --- absolute configuration --- Pestalotiopsis heterocornis --- heterocornols --- anti-inflammatory activity --- sponge-derived fungus --- sclerotides --- lipodepsipeptide --- Aspergillus sclerotiorum --- nasopharyngeal carcinoma --- AChE inhibitory --- vascular endothelial cell --- flavonoid --- oxidized low-density lipoprotein --- Nrf2 --- apoptosis --- butyrolactone I --- food allergy --- metabolism --- pharmacokinetics --- actinomycin X2 --- microbial pigments --- dyeing --- silk --- antibacterial properties --- PD-L1 --- virtual screening --- pharmacophore modeling --- ADME --- molecular dynamics --- xanthones --- ascidian-derived fungus --- Diaporthe sp. --- anti-glioma activity --- antiaging --- Sonneratia apetala --- signaling pathway --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- mutants --- coral-derived fungi --- Aspergillus hiratsukae --- meroterpenoids --- antibacterial activity --- cytotoxic activity --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- Aspergillus puniceus --- isoquinoline alkaloid --- protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor --- antibacterial --- Aspergillus sp. --- geodin --- semisynthesize --- insecticidal activity --- Arca inflata --- antitumor peptide --- MAPK signaling --- calmodulin --- colorectal cancer --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- actinomycin D --- Streptomyces parvulus --- mechanism --- mangrove endophytic Pestalotiopsis --- Sdy-1 --- antitumor activity --- Wnt signaling --- β-catenin --- eremophilane sesquiterpenoids --- mangrove-derived fungus --- Penicillium sp. --- Oceanapia --- sponge --- secondary metabolites --- biological activities --- drug design --- anticancer --- cyclic pentapeptide --- galaxamide analogues --- skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) muscle --- angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) peptide --- molecular docking --- nitric oxide (NO) --- endothelin-1 (ET-1) --- Trichoderma longibrachiatum --- sesquiterpene glycoside --- antimicrobial activity --- marine fungi --- Aspergillus unguis --- depsides --- depsidones --- osteoclast differentiation --- soft-coral-derived fungus --- pyranodipyran derivatives --- tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitory activities --- fluorescent properties --- butenolides --- enantiomers --- Aspergillus terreus --- pancreatic lipase --- NAFLD --- fucoxanthin --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated (Nrf2) --- Toll-like receptor 4-mediated (TLR4) --- Aspergillus flavipes HN4-13 --- emodin --- macroporous resin XAD-16 --- adsorption kinetics and isotherms --- enrichment --- tetramic acid derivatives --- deep-sea fungus --- clavipitacae --- Lecanicillium fusisporum --- chronic kidney disease --- fucoidan --- cognitive dysfunction --- neuroinflammation --- oxidative stress --- GSK3β-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling --- microglial polarization --- deep-sea actinomycetes --- aromatic acids --- oximes --- antihyperlipidemic --- phycocyanin --- microbiota --- transcriptome --- IL-17 pathway --- Hahella --- prodiginine --- chejuenlide --- genome mining --- LC-MS/MS --- CDK4/6 --- marine compounds --- pharmacophore construction --- ADMET --- mm-pbsa --- Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) --- peptide --- antioxidant activity --- stability --- oyster --- plasma --- peptidome --- antimicrobial peptides --- cytotoxicity --- actinomycete --- piericidins --- absolute configuration --- Pestalotiopsis heterocornis --- heterocornols --- anti-inflammatory activity --- sponge-derived fungus --- sclerotides --- lipodepsipeptide --- Aspergillus sclerotiorum --- nasopharyngeal carcinoma --- AChE inhibitory --- vascular endothelial cell --- flavonoid --- oxidized low-density lipoprotein --- Nrf2 --- apoptosis --- butyrolactone I --- food allergy --- metabolism --- pharmacokinetics --- actinomycin X2 --- microbial pigments --- dyeing --- silk --- antibacterial properties --- PD-L1 --- virtual screening --- pharmacophore modeling --- ADME --- molecular dynamics --- xanthones --- ascidian-derived fungus --- Diaporthe sp. --- anti-glioma activity --- antiaging --- Sonneratia apetala --- signaling pathway --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- mutants --- coral-derived fungi --- Aspergillus hiratsukae --- meroterpenoids --- antibacterial activity --- cytotoxic activity --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- Aspergillus puniceus --- isoquinoline alkaloid --- protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor --- antibacterial --- Aspergillus sp. --- geodin --- semisynthesize --- insecticidal activity --- Arca inflata --- antitumor peptide --- MAPK signaling --- calmodulin --- colorectal cancer --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- actinomycin D --- Streptomyces parvulus --- mechanism --- mangrove endophytic Pestalotiopsis --- Sdy-1 --- antitumor activity --- Wnt signaling --- β-catenin --- eremophilane sesquiterpenoids --- mangrove-derived fungus --- Penicillium sp. --- Oceanapia --- sponge --- secondary metabolites --- biological activities --- drug design --- anticancer --- cyclic pentapeptide --- galaxamide analogues --- skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) muscle --- angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) peptide --- molecular docking --- nitric oxide (NO) --- endothelin-1 (ET-1) --- Trichoderma longibrachiatum --- sesquiterpene glycoside --- antimicrobial activity --- marine fungi --- Aspergillus unguis --- depsides --- depsidones --- osteoclast differentiation --- soft-coral-derived fungus --- pyranodipyran derivatives --- tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitory activities --- fluorescent properties --- butenolides --- enantiomers --- Aspergillus terreus --- pancreatic lipase --- NAFLD --- fucoxanthin --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated (Nrf2) --- Toll-like receptor 4-mediated (TLR4) --- Aspergillus flavipes HN4-13 --- emodin --- macroporous resin XAD-16 --- adsorption kinetics and isotherms --- enrichment --- tetramic acid derivatives --- deep-sea fungus --- clavipitacae --- Lecanicillium fusisporum --- chronic kidney disease --- fucoidan --- cognitive dysfunction --- neuroinflammation --- oxidative stress --- GSK3β-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling --- microglial polarization --- deep-sea actinomycetes --- aromatic acids --- oximes --- antihyperlipidemic --- phycocyanin --- microbiota --- transcriptome --- IL-17 pathway --- Hahella --- prodiginine --- chejuenlide --- genome mining --- LC-MS/MS --- CDK4/6 --- marine compounds --- pharmacophore construction --- ADMET --- mm-pbsa

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The Book covers this whole field, from the discovery of structurally new and bioactive natural products (including biomacromolecules), from marine macro-/micro-organisms, to the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, metabolisms, and mechanisms of marine-derived lead compounds, both in vitro and in vivo, along with the synthesis and/or structural optimization of marine-derived lead compounds and their structure–activity relationships. Taken together, this Special Issue reprint not only provides inspiration for the discovery of marine-derived novel bioactive compounds, but also sheds light on the further research and development of marine candidate drugs.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) --- peptide --- antioxidant activity --- stability --- oyster --- plasma --- peptidome --- antimicrobial peptides --- cytotoxicity --- actinomycete --- piericidins --- absolute configuration --- Pestalotiopsis heterocornis --- heterocornols --- anti-inflammatory activity --- sponge-derived fungus --- sclerotides --- lipodepsipeptide --- Aspergillus sclerotiorum --- nasopharyngeal carcinoma --- AChE inhibitory --- vascular endothelial cell --- flavonoid --- oxidized low-density lipoprotein --- Nrf2 --- apoptosis --- butyrolactone I --- food allergy --- metabolism --- pharmacokinetics --- actinomycin X2 --- microbial pigments --- dyeing --- silk --- antibacterial properties --- PD-L1 --- virtual screening --- pharmacophore modeling --- ADME --- molecular dynamics --- xanthones --- ascidian-derived fungus --- Diaporthe sp. --- anti-glioma activity --- antiaging --- Sonneratia apetala --- signaling pathway --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- mutants --- coral-derived fungi --- Aspergillus hiratsukae --- meroterpenoids --- antibacterial activity --- cytotoxic activity --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- Aspergillus puniceus --- isoquinoline alkaloid --- protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor --- antibacterial --- Aspergillus sp. --- geodin --- semisynthesize --- insecticidal activity --- Arca inflata --- antitumor peptide --- MAPK signaling --- calmodulin --- colorectal cancer --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- actinomycin D --- Streptomyces parvulus --- mechanism --- mangrove endophytic Pestalotiopsis --- Sdy-1 --- antitumor activity --- Wnt signaling --- β-catenin --- eremophilane sesquiterpenoids --- mangrove-derived fungus --- Penicillium sp. --- Oceanapia --- sponge --- secondary metabolites --- biological activities --- drug design --- anticancer --- cyclic pentapeptide --- galaxamide analogues --- skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) muscle --- angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) peptide --- molecular docking --- nitric oxide (NO) --- endothelin-1 (ET-1) --- Trichoderma longibrachiatum --- sesquiterpene glycoside --- antimicrobial activity --- marine fungi --- Aspergillus unguis --- depsides --- depsidones --- osteoclast differentiation --- soft-coral-derived fungus --- pyranodipyran derivatives --- tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitory activities --- fluorescent properties --- butenolides --- enantiomers --- Aspergillus terreus --- pancreatic lipase --- NAFLD --- fucoxanthin --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated (Nrf2) --- Toll-like receptor 4-mediated (TLR4) --- Aspergillus flavipes HN4-13 --- emodin --- macroporous resin XAD-16 --- adsorption kinetics and isotherms --- enrichment --- tetramic acid derivatives --- deep-sea fungus --- clavipitacae --- Lecanicillium fusisporum --- chronic kidney disease --- fucoidan --- cognitive dysfunction --- neuroinflammation --- oxidative stress --- GSK3β-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling --- microglial polarization --- deep-sea actinomycetes --- aromatic acids --- oximes --- antihyperlipidemic --- phycocyanin --- microbiota --- transcriptome --- IL-17 pathway --- Hahella --- prodiginine --- chejuenlide --- genome mining --- LC-MS/MS --- CDK4/6 --- marine compounds --- pharmacophore construction --- ADMET --- mm-pbsa