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The degree to which memory is enhanced by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women may depend on environmental factors such as education. The present study utilized an animal model of environmental enrichment to determine whether environmental factors influence the mnemonic and neural response to estrogen. Female mice were raised in standard (SC) or enriched (EC) conditions from weaning until adulthood (7 months). All mice were ovariectornized at 10 weeks, and tested in object recognition and water-escape motivated radial arm maze (WRAM) tasks at 6 months. Each day at the completion of training, mice received injections of 0.1 mg/kg cyclodextrin-encapsulated 17-beta-estradiol (E-2), 0.2 mg/kg E-2, or cyclodextrin vehicle (VEH). At the completion of behavioral testing, hippocampal levels of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured. Enrichment effects were evident in VEH-treated mice; relative to SC-VEH females, EC-VEH females committed fewer working memory errors in the WRAM and exhibited increased hippocampal synaptophysin levels. Estrogen effects depended on environmental conditions. E-2 (0.2 mg/kg) improved object memory only in SC females. The same dose improved working memory in SC females, but somewhat impaired working memory in EC females. Furthermore, both doses reduced hippocampal synaptophysin levels in EC, but not SC, females. In contrast, E-2 reduced hippocampal BDNF levels in SC, but not EC, females. This study is the first to compare the effects of estrogen on memory and hippocampal function in enriched and non-enriched female mice. The results suggest that: (1) estrogen benefits object and working memory more in mice raised in non-enriched environments than in those raised in enriched environments, and (2) the changes induced by estrogen and/or enrichment may be associated with alterations in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO

Adulthood. --- Aged female mice. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal. --- Bdnf. --- Dendritic spine density. --- Education. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Estradiol. --- Estrogen. --- Factor messenger-rna. --- Female mice. --- Female. --- Females. --- Function. --- Health initiative memory. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Hormone replacement therapy. --- Injections. --- Level. --- Memory consolidation. --- Memory. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Neurotrophic factor. --- Object recognition. --- Object. --- Plasticity. --- Postmenopausal women. --- Protein. --- Radial arm maze. --- Radial-arm maze. --- Randomized controlled-trial. --- Recognition. --- Replacement. --- Response. --- Spatial reference memory. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- Synaptophysin. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Time. --- Training. --- Weaning. --- Women. --- Working memory. --- Working-memory.

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Focusing on French, this collection of articles spans different facets of second language acquisition research, including different areas of a learner’s language system in French such as the development of verbal, nominal, and adjectival morphology. Other articles explore input matters relating to the learner’s language exposure as well as the role of individual factors in the learner’s developmental trajectory. The studies presented offer insight into contemporary developments in relation to the investigation of both well-established and newer emerging themes and issues in second language acquisition research and showcase the contributions of French in such work. They draw on different approaches and methods to offer an exploration of contemporary areas of focus in French second language acquisition among learners of different source languages, at different levels of development, and in different learning contexts.

tense --- aspect --- mood --- modality --- L2 French --- Interface hypothesis --- longitudinal study --- study abroad --- proficiency --- self-perceived proficiency --- linguistic gains --- French --- L2 acquisition --- verb morphology --- subject–verb agreement --- number --- transfer --- cross-linguistic influence --- collocation --- frequency --- MI score --- Log Dice --- stay abroad --- instructional practices --- proficiency outcomes --- French as a second language --- CEFR --- DELF --- action-oriented instruction --- task-based language teaching --- aller + V --- SLA --- spatial reference --- discursive function --- French L2 acquisition --- addition --- scope particles --- German L1 --- syntactic embedding --- prosody --- discourse cohesion --- vocabulary depth --- L3 French --- vocabulary knowledge --- spelling --- form-meaning --- word parts --- migration --- adult SLA --- high performance --- individual factors --- input --- morphosyntax --- usage-based approaches --- motivation --- LOTEs --- French as a foreign language --- ideal self --- intervention --- noun phrase --- determiner system --- French L2 --- beginning stages in L2 --- ESF corpus --- Spanish L1 --- Moroccan Arabic L1 --- L2 learner productions --- Basic Variety --- learner varieties --- n/a --- subject-verb agreement