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Membrane transporters are of vital importance for cells. They mediate the flux of many substances through the plasma membrane. In this book, the transporters for organic cations, a special class of membrane transporters, are presented. Transporters belonging to this class are important because they allow many neurotransmitters (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and many drugs (e.g., trospium and tofacitinib) to permeate the plasma membrane. Therefore, transporters for organic cations can modulate the action of neurotransmitters and drugs, having in this way important physiological and pharmacological implications. These aspects are illustrated in original works and reviews presented in this book. Using a system biology approach, the global significance of different transporters working together has been illustrated. Regulation mechanisms determining their expression in specific organs and modulating their function are also described in this book, also concerning their role for special drug toxicities. Such an aspect is also discussed in relationship to mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of transporters for organic cations. Finally, the translational value of studies performed in flies, mice, and rats is discussed. Therefore, this book offers integrative information on transporters for organic cations, which may be of interest to beginners and specialized scientists in this field.

Medicine --- transporters --- endogenous metabolism --- functional subgroups --- SLC22 --- remote sensing and signaling --- drug transporters --- gut microbiome --- chronic kidney disease --- solute carrier 22 (SLC22) --- Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory --- interorgan communication --- organic anion transporter --- organic cation transporter --- SLC22A15 --- SLC22A16 --- SLC22A18 --- kidney --- Malpighian tubule --- TCGA --- human pathology atlas --- gene ontology --- organic cations --- transport --- kidneys --- regulation --- Nuclear receptor --- renal excretion --- bile acids --- organic cation transporters --- drug disposition --- genetic polymorphisms --- drug-induced kidney injury --- nephrotoxicity --- RA --- Tofacitinib --- Baricitinib --- MATE1 --- solute carrier (SLC) family --- OCT1 --- SLC22A1 --- species differences --- drugs --- pesticides --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- PPAR-alpha --- organic transporters --- serotonin transporter --- plasma membrane monoamine transporter --- ketamine --- isoflurane --- serotonin clearance --- antidepressant-like activity --- chronoamperometry --- tail suspension test --- forced swim test --- hepatotoxicity --- solute carrier --- pulmonary drug delivery --- SLC22A1-5 --- lung epithelium --- drug uptake --- β2-agonists --- chronic lung diseases --- anticholinergics --- trospium --- OCT --- MATE --- drug excretion --- drug transport

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Mitochondrial transporters are membrane-inserted proteins which provide a link between metabolic reactions occurring within the mitochondrial matrix and outside the organelles by catalyzing the translocation of numerous solutes across the mitochondrial membrane. They include the mitochondrial carrier family members, the proteins involved in pyruvate transport, ABC transporters and channels, and are, therefore, essential for many biological processes and cell homeostasis. Identification and functional studies of many mitochondrial transporters have been performed over the years using both in vitro and in vivo systems. The few recently solved structures of these transporters have paved the way for further investigations. Furthermore, alterations in their function are responsible for several diseases.

hypoxia --- resistance to hypoxia --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial calcium transport --- mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex --- mitochondrial Ca2+-induced permeability transition pore --- cyclophilin D --- ATP synthase --- disease --- error of metabolism --- mitochondrial carrier --- mitochondrial carrier disease --- mitochondrial disease --- mitochondrial transporter --- membrane transport --- mutation --- SLC25. --- mitochondrial permeability transition --- apoptosis --- necrosis --- ischemia/reperfusion --- cancer --- neurodegeneration --- cyclosporin A --- metabolite transport --- mitochondrial pyruvate carrier --- sideroflexin --- TOM --- TIM chaperones --- TIM22 --- protein translocation --- mitochondrial biogenesis --- amino acid --- biological function --- ion --- inner mitochondrial membrane --- mitochondrial carrier family --- organic acid --- substrate specificity --- transport mechanism --- vitamin --- USMG5/DAPIT --- glucose-stimulated insulin secretion --- glucose-induced expression --- membrane subunits of ATP synthase --- ATP synthase oligomers mitochondrial cristae morphology --- metabolism --- metabolic disorders --- adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2) --- aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC) --- animal model --- argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) --- aversion to carbohydrates --- citrin --- food taste --- neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) --- protein–protein interaction --- MPC --- lifespan --- pyruvate metabolism --- mitochondrial transport --- peroxisomes --- carrier --- cofactor --- ABC transporter --- aquaporin --- ion channels --- potassium channels --- ATP --- calcium --- ROS --- potassium channel openers --- MCF --- function --- plant metabolism --- plant development --- diseases --- VDAC1 --- virus --- pancreatic islets --- β-cell --- diabetes --- glucotoxicity --- glucolipotoxicity --- lipotoxicity --- mitochondrial carriers --- SLC transporters --- SLC25 --- SLC54 --- SLC55 --- LETM --- SLC56 --- sequence analysis --- protein targeting --- Voltage-Dependent Anion selective Channel --- isoforms --- oxidative post-translational modification --- gene promoter --- yeast --- bioenergetics --- SLC25A1 --- CIC --- CTP --- citrate --- inflammation --- 22.q11.2 --- NAFLD/NASH --- carnitine --- carnitine acyl-carnitine carrier --- carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase --- post-translational modification --- solute carrier family 25 --- SLC25A20 --- MCU --- mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter --- Ca2+ signaling --- mitochondrial metabolism --- skeletal muscle mitochondria --- SLC25A51 --- NAD+ transporters --- NAD --- electrophysiology --- ATP-dependent potassium channel

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Renal cancer is a health problem of major concern worldwide. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune check-point blockade treatments, alone or in combination, are giving promising results, failures are quite frequent due to intratumor heterogeneity and to the acquisition of drug resistance. The spectrum of renal cell carcinoma subtypes is wide. Up to 70–80% of renal tumors are clear cell renal cell carcinomas, a clinically aggressive tumor subtype linked to VHL gene inactivation. Next in frequency, the papillary renal cell carcinoma category encompasses an intricate puzzle of classic and newly described entities with poorly defined limits, some of them pending definite clarification. Likewise, the chromophobe–oncocytoma duality, the so-called hybrid tumors and oncocytic neoplasms, remain to be well profiled. Finally, a growing list of very uncommon renal tumors linked to specific molecular signatures fulfill the current portrait of renal cell neoplasia. This Special Issue of Cancers regards RCC from very different perspectives, from the intimate basic mechanisms governing this disease to the clinical practice principles of their diagnoses and treatments. The interested reader will have the opportunity to contact with some of the most recent findings and will be updated with excellent reviews.

Renal cell carcinoma. --- Kidneys --- Cancer. --- Adenocarcinoma of kidney --- Clear cell carcinoma --- Grawitz tumor --- Grawitz's tumor --- Hypernephroid carcinoma --- Hypernephroma --- Renal adenocarcinoma --- Renal cell adenocarcinoma --- Cancer --- N-glycomapping --- n/a --- SMAD proteins --- patient survival --- pro-IL-1? --- survival prediction --- inflammation markers --- tumor migration --- prognostic factors --- practical approach --- circular RNAs in a clinico-genomic predictive model --- glycomarkers --- review --- nephrectomy --- uric acid --- VEGF inhibitors --- metabolic reprogramming --- collecting duct carcinoma --- curcumin --- metabolome profiling --- identification of circular RNAs --- IL-2 --- experimental validation of circular RNA --- Raf/MEK/ERK --- HOT --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- pentose phosphate pathway --- kidney cancer --- LOT --- mutation --- RCC --- polybromo-1 --- pale cell --- MMP-9 --- gene expression --- recurrence free survival --- chromosomal loss --- IL-1? --- chronic kidney disease --- glutathione transferase omega 2 --- label-free --- glutathione transferase omega 1 --- emerging entity --- copy number alteration --- FOXO3 --- predictive role --- tumor slice culture --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- PPP --- ESC --- CDKN1A expression --- metastasis --- PD-L1 --- diagnostic and prognostic markers --- EVI1 --- copy number loss --- RNA sequencing --- NK cells --- glutathione metabolism --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- renal cell cancer --- proliferation --- eosinophilic variant --- Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma --- prognosis --- invasion --- immune infiltration --- IL4R? --- FISH --- 11) translocation renal cell carcinoma --- tumor microenvironment --- metabolome --- hyperosmolality --- toxicity --- ALK --- drug sensitivity --- t(6 --- copy number analysis --- urine --- genetic association --- polymorphism --- solute carrier proteins --- kidney --- metastatic ccRCC --- molecular genetic features --- recurrence-free survival --- chromophobe renal cell carcinoma --- unclassified renal tumor --- overall survival --- mTOR inhibitors --- mTOR --- JAK2 --- von Hippel–Lindau --- miR-155-5p --- glycoproteomics --- PBRM1 --- miR-133b --- survival --- TFE3 --- TFEB --- oncocytic renal tumor --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- MMP10 --- TCGA --- ghrelin --- EMT like --- checkpoint inhibitors --- MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma --- gene signature --- sarcomatoid --- transforming growth factor beta --- clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma --- tumor adhesion --- renal cancer --- unclassified renal cell carcinoma --- Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) --- miR-146a-5p --- renal cell --- everolimus --- integrins --- cytoreductive nephrectomy --- immunotherapy --- predictive factors --- immunohistochemistry --- MTA2 --- IL13R?1 --- targeted therapy --- intratumour heterogeneity --- aurora A --- TCA cycle --- AMP-activated protein kinases --- cancer-specific survival --- programmed death-ligand 1 --- efficacy --- renal cell carcinoma --- anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement --- TFEB-amplified renal cell carcinoma --- statins --- cancer immunotherapy --- microRNA --- new entity --- proteome profiling --- von Hippel-Lindau