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Ornamental crops account for more than US $42 billion globally. With the exception of few floral species, limited genetic, genomic, and breeding information is publicly available, owing to the fact that the majority of breeding work is performed by the private sector. Public research programs are increasingly participating in ornamental cultivar development and genetic studies. With lower sequencing costs, genomic information of non-model species including ornamental crops is continuously becoming available. Ornamental breeding utilizes a wide array of breeding strategies ranging from traditional crossing and selection methods to the use of next-generation sequencing in genomics and transcriptomics for gene identification and trait development. A continuing search of new species for the ornamentals industry has resulted in the utilization of tools that increase diversity and in the development of alternative methods for obtaining new crops by achieving interspecific and intergeneric crosses. This Special Issue aimed to present papers on new breeding methods, novel cultivars and species entering the ornamental industry, the identification of genes conferring novel traits, technological developments in ornamentals research, and the use of next-generation sequencing to improve ornamental plants.

Acer buergerianum --- Acer ginnala --- Acer platanoides --- Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala --- ploidy manipulation --- sterility --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- SSR --- SNP --- linkage map --- flower senescence --- nuclease --- nutrient deficiency --- petals --- programmed cell death --- virus induced gene silencing --- bolting --- cut flower --- germinal pore --- ornamental plant --- polyploidy periclinal chimera --- Plumbaginaceae --- polyploidy breeding --- cold hardiness --- LT50 --- sucrose --- oligosaccharides --- soluble sugar metabolism --- gene expression --- breeding --- geophytes --- interspecific cross --- plant hormone treatment --- pollen-pistil interaction --- pre-zygotic barrier --- Ranunculaceae --- n/a

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As sessile organisms, plants have to cope with a multitude of natural and anthropogenic forms of stress in their environment. Due to their longevity, this is of particular significance for trees. As a consequence, trees develop an orchestra of resilience and resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses in order to support their growth and development in a constantly changing atmospheric and pedospheric environment. The objective of this Special Issue of Forests is to summarize state-of-art knowledge and report the current progress on the processes that determine the resilience and resistance of trees from different zonobiomes as well as all forms of biotic and abiotic stress from the molecular to the whole tree level.

pure stands --- n/a --- ion relation --- Heterobasidion annosum --- salicylic acid --- antioxidant enzymes --- antioxidant activity --- Luquasorb --- intrinsic water-use efficiency --- Greece --- Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. --- ion homeostasis --- photosynthesis --- Pinus massoniana --- Stockosorb --- water relations --- Norway spruce --- rubber tree --- hydrophilic polymers --- drought stress --- ion relationships --- Carpinus betulus --- tree rings --- N nutrition --- disturbance --- Populus simonii Carr. (poplar) --- infection --- subcellular localization --- basal area increment --- mixed stands --- photosynthetic responses --- Aleppo pine --- water potential --- elevation gradient --- living cell --- physiological response --- antioxidant enzyme activity --- ion contents --- signal network --- expression --- soil N --- GA-signaling pathway --- differentially expressed genes --- Ca2+ signal --- climate --- ecophysiology --- Robinia pseudoacacia L. --- Heterobasidion parviporum --- mid-term --- plant tolerance --- canopy conductance --- DELLA --- tapping panel dryness --- osmotic adjustment substances --- abiotic stress --- wood formation --- malondialdehyde --- salinity treatments --- organic osmolytes --- bamboo forest --- non-structural carbohydrate --- Abies alba Mill. --- tree --- salt stress --- Populus euphratica --- proline --- nutrition --- Carpinus turczaninowii --- plasma membrane Ca2+ channels --- gene regulation --- pathogen --- TCP --- forest type --- functional analysis --- Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. --- long-term drought --- defense response --- cold stress --- silicon fertilization --- gas exchange --- Fagus sylvatica L. --- glutaredoxin --- water availability --- 24-epiBL application --- Konjac glucomannan --- leaf properties --- reactive oxygen species --- sap flow --- ?13C --- salinity --- morphological indices --- chloroplast ultrastructure --- Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) --- drought --- soluble sugar --- molecular cloning --- starch --- growth