Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The recent developments in the environmental applications of heterogenous catalysis and photocatalysis are described in this book, focusing on air and water purification using innovative and performing catalysts and applying new green and sustainable processes.

ceria --- pesticide --- photocatalysis --- photo-Fenton --- AOPs --- thin films --- ZnO --- doping --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- VOCs --- bimetallic catalysts --- air purification --- catalytic combustion --- China --- elimination technology --- pharmaceutical industry --- advanced oxidation processes --- ozone --- ultraviolet --- bleaching --- fabrics --- industrial wastewater --- zero valent iron --- magnetite --- hematite --- alkali-activated material --- geopolymer --- blast furnace slag --- catalytic wet peroxide oxidation --- Fe-catalyst --- bisphenol A --- Mn-Zr solid solution --- toluene --- active oxygen --- combustion --- VOC --- photothermo catalysis --- ethanol --- manganese oxide --- zirconium oxide --- hydrothermal preparation --- co-precipitation --- CuFeS2 --- Fenton-like reaction --- degradation --- environmental water samples --- ciprofloxacin --- levofloxacin --- gC3N4 --- rGO --- Au nanoparticles --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In recent years, people have tended to adjust the degree of order/disorder to explore new materials. The degree of order/disorder can be measured by entropy, and it can be divided into two parts: topological disordering and chemical disordering. The former mainly refers to order in the spatial configuration, e.g., amorphous alloys which show short-range ordering but without long-range ordering, while the latter mainly refers to the order in the chemical occupancy, that is to say, the components can replace each other, and typical representatives are high-entropy alloy (HEAs). HEAs, in sharp contrast to traditional alloys based on one or two principal elements, have one striking characteristic: their unusually high entropy of mixing. They have not received much noticed until the review paper entitled “Microstructure and Properties of High-Entropy Alloys” was published in 2014 in the journal of Progress in Materials Science. Numerous reports have shown they exhibit five recognized performance characteristics, namely, strength–plasticity trade-off breaking, irradiation tolerance, corrosion resistance, high-impact toughness within a wider temperature range, and high thermal stability. So far, the development of HEAs has gone through three main stages: 1. Quinary equal-atomic single-phase solid solution alloys; 2. Quaternary or quinary non-equal-atomic multiphase alloys; 3. Medium-entropy alloys, high-entropy fibers, high-entropy films, lightweight HEAs, etc. Nowadays, more in-depth research on high-entropy alloys is urgently needed.

high-entropy alloys --- alloys design --- lightweight alloys --- high entropy alloys --- elemental addition --- annealing treatment --- magnetic property --- microhardness --- in situ X-ray diffraction --- grain refinement --- thermoelectric properties --- scandium effect --- HEA --- high-entropy alloy --- CCA --- compositionally complex alloy --- phase composition --- microstructure --- wear behaviour --- metal matrix composites --- mechanical properties --- high-entropy films --- phase structures --- hardness --- solid-solution --- interstitial phase --- transmission electron microscopy --- compositionally complex alloys --- CrFeCoNi(Nb,Mo) --- corrosion --- sulfuric acid --- sodium chloride --- entropy --- multicomponent --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- specific heat --- stacking-fault energy --- density functional theory --- nanoscaled high-entropy alloys --- nanodisturbances --- phase transformations --- atomic-scale unstable --- mechanical alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- nanoprecipitates --- annealing --- phase constituent --- ion irradiation --- hardening behavior --- volume swelling --- medium entropy alloy --- high-pressure torsion --- partial recrystallization --- tensile strength --- high-entropy alloys (HEAs) --- phase constitution --- magnetic properties --- Curie temperature --- phase transition --- precipitation --- strengthening --- coherent microstructure --- conventional alloys --- nanocrystalline materials --- high entropy alloy --- sputtering --- deformation and fracture --- strain rate sensitivity --- liquid phase separation --- immiscible alloys --- HEAs --- multicomponent alloys --- miscibility gaps --- multi-principal element alloys --- MPEAs --- complex concentrated alloys --- CCAs --- electron microscopy --- plasticity methods --- plasticity --- serration behavior --- alloy design --- structural metals --- CALPHAD --- solid-solution alloys --- lattice distortion --- phase transformation --- (CoCrFeNi)100−xMox alloys --- corrosion behavior --- gamma double prime nanoparticles --- elemental partitioning --- atom probe tomography --- first-principles calculations --- bcc --- phase stability --- composition scanning --- laser cladding --- high-entropy alloy coating --- AZ91D magnesium alloy --- wear --- kinetics --- deformation --- thermal expansion --- diamond --- composite --- powder metallurgy --- additive manufacturing --- low-activation high-entropy alloys (HEAs) --- high-temperature structural alloys --- microstructures --- compressive properties --- heat-softening resistance --- tensile creep behavior --- microstructural evolution --- creep mechanism --- first-principles calculation --- maximum entropy --- elastic property --- mechanical property --- recrystallization --- laser metal deposition --- elemental powder --- graded material --- refractory high-entropy alloys --- elevated-temperature yield strength --- solid solution strengthening effect --- bulk metallic glass --- complex stress field --- shear band --- flow serration --- deformation mechanism --- ab initio --- configuration entropy --- matrix formulation --- cluster expansion --- cluster variation method --- monte carlo --- thermodynamic integration --- (AlCrTiZrV)-Six-N films --- nanocomposite structure --- refractory high entropy alloys --- medium entropy alloys, mechanical properties --- thin films --- deformation behaviors --- nanocrystalline --- coating --- interface --- mechanical characterization --- high pressure --- polymorphic transition --- solidification --- eutectic dendrites --- hierarchical nanotwins --- precipitation kinetics --- strengthening mechanisms --- elongation prediction --- welding --- Hall–Petch (H–P) effect --- lattice constants --- high-entropy ceramic --- solid-state diffusion --- phase evolution --- mechanical behaviors --- high-entropy film --- low-activation alloys

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

There are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metal processing. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emergence of electrical vehicles (EV), which brings a high need for battery metals, but additionally, a significant increase in copper consumption. Even if only moderate forecasts for the number of the EVs become true, production of the base metals must increase by tens of percentages, or even more than double. At the same time, pyrometallurgical processes have to produce fewer side products, such as slag, and maintain the quality level of the primary product, although raw material mixtures are increasingly complex and new elements are entering the processes in secondary raw materials. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of pyrometallurgical processes more efficiently and productively, while still improving their selectivity regarding slagging the unwanted material and recovering the desired elements. This Special Issue is for current advances in the pyrometallurgical processing of metals, including all aspects, namely, the basic unit processes and operations in a smelter, metallurgical engineering, furnace integrity, cooling systems, modelling, slag and offgas handling, to name a few. A collection of 13 papers deal with ferrous and ferroalloy development, and the processing of different raw materials for metal production.

Technology: general issues --- blast furnace slag --- TiO2 --- titanium carbonitride --- viscosity --- limonite --- magnetization reduction roasting --- rotary kiln --- deposit --- fayalite --- FeO --- liquid phase --- medium manganese steel --- spinel inclusions --- Ce treatment --- modification mechanism --- copper concentrate --- pyrometallurgy --- flash smelting --- combustion --- classification --- spectroscopy --- PCA --- SIMCA --- PLS-DA --- k-NN --- support vector machines --- scandium --- master alloys --- aluminum alloys --- metallothermy --- vacuum induction melting --- factsage --- nickel laterite --- non-melting reducing --- sodium chloride --- magnetic separation --- garnierite --- vacuum carbothermal reduction --- mechanism --- CaF2 --- recovery --- devolatilization --- torrefied biomass --- bio-coal --- volatile matter --- reduction --- blast furnace --- multistage and deep reduction --- low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy --- inclusions --- melt separation --- slag-metal separation --- hearth drainage --- iron and slag flow --- interface phenomena --- CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system --- distribution ratio of phosphorus --- dephosphorization --- n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution --- B2O3 --- vanadium–titanium sintering --- metallurgical properties --- microstructures --- Søderberg electrodes --- submerged arc furnace (SAF) --- ferro-alloy production --- ferrochrome --- electrical resistivity --- degree of graphitisation --- bulk density --- porosity --- compressive breaking strength

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The modern understanding of metal plasticity and fracturing began about 100 years ago, with pioneering work; first, on crack-induced fracturing by Griffith and, second, with the invention of dislocation-enhanced crystal plasticity by Taylor, Orowan and Polanyi. The modern counterparts are fracture mechanics, as invented by Irwin, and dislocation mechanics, as initiated in pioneering work by Cottrell. No less important was the breakthrough development of optical characterization of sectioned polycrystalline metal microstructures started by Sorby in the late 19th century and leading eventually to modern optical, x-ray and electron microscopy methods for assessments of crystal fracture surfaces, via fractography, and particularly of x-ray and electron microscopy techniques applied to quantitative characterizations of internal dislocation behaviors. A major current effort is to match computational simulations of metal deformation/fracturing behaviors with experimental measurements made over extended ranges of microstructures and over varying external conditions of stress-state, temperature and loading rate. The relation of such simulations to the development of constitutive equations for a hoped-for predictive description of material deformation/fracturing behaviors is an active topic of research. The present collection of articles provides a broad sampling of research accomplishments on the two subjects.

dislocation mechanics --- yield strength --- grain size --- thermal activation --- strain rate --- impact tests --- brittleness transition --- fracturing --- crack size --- fracture mechanics --- Hall-Petch equation --- Griffith equation --- size effect --- mechanical strength --- pearlitic steels --- suspension bridge cables --- dislocation microstructure --- fractal analysis --- plasticity --- representative volume element --- dislocation structure --- dislocation correlations --- dislocation avalanches --- nanotwin --- nanograin --- Au–Cu alloy --- micro-compression --- Cu-Zr --- ECAP --- deformation --- quasi-stationary --- subgrains --- grains --- coarsening --- Cu–Zr --- ultrafine-grained material --- dynamic recovery --- transient --- load change tests --- Charpy impact test --- GMAW --- additive manufacturing --- secondary cracks --- anisotropy --- linear flow splitting --- crystal plasticity --- DAMASK --- texture --- EBSD --- crack tip dislocations --- TEM --- grain rotation --- fatigue --- dislocation configurations --- residual stress --- indentation --- serration --- temperature --- dislocation --- artificial aging --- solid solution --- loading curvature --- aluminum alloy --- holistic approach --- dislocation group dynamics --- dynamic factor --- dislocation pile-up --- yield stress --- dislocation creep --- fatigue crack growth rate

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

There are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metal processing. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emergence of electrical vehicles (EV), which brings a high need for battery metals, but additionally, a significant increase in copper consumption. Even if only moderate forecasts for the number of the EVs become true, production of the base metals must increase by tens of percentages, or even more than double. At the same time, pyrometallurgical processes have to produce fewer side products, such as slag, and maintain the quality level of the primary product, although raw material mixtures are increasingly complex and new elements are entering the processes in secondary raw materials. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of pyrometallurgical processes more efficiently and productively, while still improving their selectivity regarding slagging the unwanted material and recovering the desired elements. This Special Issue is for current advances in the pyrometallurgical processing of metals, including all aspects, namely, the basic unit processes and operations in a smelter, metallurgical engineering, furnace integrity, cooling systems, modelling, slag and offgas handling, to name a few. A collection of 13 papers deal with ferrous and ferroalloy development, and the processing of different raw materials for metal production.

Technology: general issues --- blast furnace slag --- TiO2 --- titanium carbonitride --- viscosity --- limonite --- magnetization reduction roasting --- rotary kiln --- deposit --- fayalite --- FeO --- liquid phase --- medium manganese steel --- spinel inclusions --- Ce treatment --- modification mechanism --- copper concentrate --- pyrometallurgy --- flash smelting --- combustion --- classification --- spectroscopy --- PCA --- SIMCA --- PLS-DA --- k-NN --- support vector machines --- scandium --- master alloys --- aluminum alloys --- metallothermy --- vacuum induction melting --- factsage --- nickel laterite --- non-melting reducing --- sodium chloride --- magnetic separation --- garnierite --- vacuum carbothermal reduction --- mechanism --- CaF2 --- recovery --- devolatilization --- torrefied biomass --- bio-coal --- volatile matter --- reduction --- blast furnace --- multistage and deep reduction --- low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy --- inclusions --- melt separation --- slag-metal separation --- hearth drainage --- iron and slag flow --- interface phenomena --- CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system --- distribution ratio of phosphorus --- dephosphorization --- n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution --- B2O3 --- vanadium–titanium sintering --- metallurgical properties --- microstructures --- Søderberg electrodes --- submerged arc furnace (SAF) --- ferro-alloy production --- ferrochrome --- electrical resistivity --- degree of graphitisation --- bulk density --- porosity --- compressive breaking strength --- blast furnace slag --- TiO2 --- titanium carbonitride --- viscosity --- limonite --- magnetization reduction roasting --- rotary kiln --- deposit --- fayalite --- FeO --- liquid phase --- medium manganese steel --- spinel inclusions --- Ce treatment --- modification mechanism --- copper concentrate --- pyrometallurgy --- flash smelting --- combustion --- classification --- spectroscopy --- PCA --- SIMCA --- PLS-DA --- k-NN --- support vector machines --- scandium --- master alloys --- aluminum alloys --- metallothermy --- vacuum induction melting --- factsage --- nickel laterite --- non-melting reducing --- sodium chloride --- magnetic separation --- garnierite --- vacuum carbothermal reduction --- mechanism --- CaF2 --- recovery --- devolatilization --- torrefied biomass --- bio-coal --- volatile matter --- reduction --- blast furnace --- multistage and deep reduction --- low-oxygen high titanium ferroalloy --- inclusions --- melt separation --- slag-metal separation --- hearth drainage --- iron and slag flow --- interface phenomena --- CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 slag system --- distribution ratio of phosphorus --- dephosphorization --- n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution --- B2O3 --- vanadium–titanium sintering --- metallurgical properties --- microstructures --- Søderberg electrodes --- submerged arc furnace (SAF) --- ferro-alloy production --- ferrochrome --- electrical resistivity --- degree of graphitisation --- bulk density --- porosity --- compressive breaking strength