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Alternative and renewable energy sources already play a very decisive role in the development of human society, helping to fulfill increasing energy demands from both industrialized and underdeveloped countries, as well as economic needs, which must comply with a decarbonized economy, decreasing the energy impact on the global environment. Among these alternative energy sources, fuels such as biodiesel, methanol, and methane are good examples of how the previous design can be achieved, as these fuels can be obtained from renewable sources, used in applications such as transportation systems, electricity generation, fuel conversion, and even for electricity storage, with reduced impact on air emissions. This Special Issue includes papers on new and innovative technical developments or approaches, reviews, case studies, as well as assessment, papers from different disciplines, which are relevant to the optimization of biodiesel, methane/methanol production systems, simultaneously resulting in air quality improvement.

electrolysis --- CaO catalyst --- calcium oxide --- ethanolysis --- synthetic fuels --- eggshell --- photobioreactor --- synthesis gas --- lipid --- hydrotreated kerosene --- renewable energy --- liquefied biomass --- ionic liquid catalyst --- microalgae --- methanolysis --- ß-carotene --- power plant exhaust gas --- biodiesel --- biomass --- heterogeneous catalysis --- economic analysis --- seafood inorganic wastes --- sustainability --- FAME --- microalgae culture --- solid base heterogeneous catalyst --- transesterification --- micro- and nano-structured catalysts --- vegetable oils --- acid mine drainage --- HY zeolite --- animal fats --- nano-catalyst

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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also known as two-dimensional anionic clays, as well as the derived materials, including hybrids, nanocomposites, mixed oxides, and supported metals, have been highlighted as outstanding heterogeneous catalysts with unlimited applications in various processes involving both acid–base (addition, alkylation, acylation, decarboxylation, etc.) and redox (oxidation, reduction, dehydrogenation, etc.) mechanisms. This is mainly due to their flexibility in chemical composition, allowing the fine tuning of the nature of the active sites and the control of the balance between them. Additionally, LDHs display a large anion exchange capacity and the possibility to modify their interlayer space, constraining the size and type of reactants entering in the interlamellar space. Furthermore, their easy and economic synthesis, with high levels of purity and efficiency, at both the laboratory and industrial scales, make LDHs and their derived materials excellent solid catalysts. This Special Issue collects original research papers, reviews, and commentaries focused on the catalytic applications of these remarkable materials.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- layered double hydroxides (LDH) --- polyoxometalates (POM) --- catalytic materials --- Michael addition --- cobalt-based LDHs --- ultrasonic irradiation --- synergistic effect --- photocatalysis --- nitrophenol degradation --- Zn,Al-hydrotalcite --- ZnO dispersed on alumina --- reusability --- layered double hydroxide --- LDH --- catalytic oxidation --- ethanol --- toluene --- VOC --- photocatalysts --- Cu electrodes --- diazo dyes --- electrocatalysts --- layer double hydroxides --- photoelectrochemical degradation --- hydrotalcites --- mixed oxides --- aldol condensation --- basic catalysts --- exfoliation --- nanosheets --- oxidation --- layered double hydroxides --- base catalysts --- epoxide --- formaldehyde --- oxidation removal --- BiOCl --- manganese --- biodiesel --- transesterification --- hydrothermal --- nickel --- aluminum --- solid base --- structured catalyst --- ethanol steam reforming --- aluminum lathe waste strips --- Ni nanoparticle --- mechano-chemical/co-precipitation synthesis --- organic alkalis (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) --- memory effect --- Claisen-Schmidt condensation --- self-cyclohexanone condensation --- n/a

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The use of solid catalysts for the upgrade of renewable sources gives the opportunity to combine the two main cores of green chemistry, that is, on the one hand, the set-up of sustainable processes and, on the other, the use of biomass-derived materials. Solid catalysts have taken on a leading role in traditional petrochemical processes and could represent a key tool in new biorefinery-driven technologies.

biorefinery --- lignin --- citronellal --- biofuel production --- calcination temperature --- carbohydrates --- biomass valorization --- liquid phase reductive depolymerization --- terpenoids --- heterogeneous catalysis --- propylene glycol --- transition metals --- transfer hydrogenation --- acidic clays --- phenolic and aromatic compounds --- biofuels --- aqueous phase --- supported metals --- hybrid materials --- amination --- heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts --- CuZn catalysts --- catalytic materials --- terpenes --- Lewis acids --- surface functional groups --- value-added products --- carbon nanotubes --- ethylene glycol --- biochar-supported metal catalysts --- calcination atmosphere --- xylitol --- alditol --- HMF --- biomass --- metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) --- hydrothermal carbonization --- solid-acid catalyst --- NMR --- solid base catalyst --- catalytic transfer hydrogenation --- surface functionalization --- transesterification --- biomass conversion --- hydrogen donors --- hydrogenolysis --- octahydroacridines --- solid acids

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The use of solid catalysts for the upgrade of renewable sources gives the opportunity to combine the two main cores of green chemistry, that is, on the one hand, the set-up of sustainable processes and, on the other, the use of biomass-derived materials. Solid catalysts have taken on a leading role in traditional petrochemical processes and could represent a key tool in new biorefinery-driven technologies.

biorefinery --- lignin --- citronellal --- biofuel production --- calcination temperature --- carbohydrates --- biomass valorization --- liquid phase reductive depolymerization --- terpenoids --- heterogeneous catalysis --- propylene glycol --- transition metals --- transfer hydrogenation --- acidic clays --- phenolic and aromatic compounds --- biofuels --- aqueous phase --- supported metals --- hybrid materials --- amination --- heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts --- CuZn catalysts --- catalytic materials --- terpenes --- Lewis acids --- surface functional groups --- value-added products --- carbon nanotubes --- ethylene glycol --- biochar-supported metal catalysts --- calcination atmosphere --- xylitol --- alditol --- HMF --- biomass --- metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) --- hydrothermal carbonization --- solid-acid catalyst --- NMR --- solid base catalyst --- catalytic transfer hydrogenation --- surface functionalization --- transesterification --- biomass conversion --- hydrogen donors --- hydrogenolysis --- octahydroacridines --- solid acids --- biorefinery --- lignin --- citronellal --- biofuel production --- calcination temperature --- carbohydrates --- biomass valorization --- liquid phase reductive depolymerization --- terpenoids --- heterogeneous catalysis --- propylene glycol --- transition metals --- transfer hydrogenation --- acidic clays --- phenolic and aromatic compounds --- biofuels --- aqueous phase --- supported metals --- hybrid materials --- amination --- heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts --- CuZn catalysts --- catalytic materials --- terpenes --- Lewis acids --- surface functional groups --- value-added products --- carbon nanotubes --- ethylene glycol --- biochar-supported metal catalysts --- calcination atmosphere --- xylitol --- alditol --- HMF --- biomass --- metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) --- hydrothermal carbonization --- solid-acid catalyst --- NMR --- solid base catalyst --- catalytic transfer hydrogenation --- surface functionalization --- transesterification --- biomass conversion --- hydrogen donors --- hydrogenolysis --- octahydroacridines --- solid acids

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The objective of this Special Issue is to provide new contributions in the area of biomass valorization using heterogeneous catalysts and focusing specifically on the structure/activity relationships of specific and important oxidation, hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation and biocatalytic processes. The issue emphasizes the influence of the design and morphology of the catalyst, in terms of particle size, redox and acid-base properties and catalyst stability. Finally, mechanistic studies and examples of design and optimization of industrial processes are presented.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- furfural --- MPV reaction --- acid-base characterization --- methylbutynol test reaction --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- Co/SBA-15 --- pore size --- pore length --- dry gel conversion --- MFI zeolite --- particle sizes --- silica sources --- hydrodeoxygenation --- biocatalysis --- bio-based platform chemicals --- furans --- reduction --- whole cells --- nickel phosphide --- cellobiose --- sorbitol --- MCM-41 --- hydrolytic hydrogenation --- zeolites --- catalysis --- solid acid --- solid base --- chemical modification --- alkylation --- glycosidation --- 2 methyl-furan --- catalyst design --- iron --- magnesium oxide --- catalytic hydrogen transfer reduction --- methanol --- diffusion --- ab initio --- industrial design --- H-ZSM-5 --- multiscale modeling --- adiabatic reactor --- zeolite catalysis --- hydrogenation --- palladium --- nanoparticles --- capping agent --- sol-immobilization --- furoic acid --- gold --- hydrotalcite --- oxidation --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- base-free --- green oxidation --- embedded catalysts --- biomass --- Eucalyptus globulus wood --- cross-flow autohydrolysis --- kinetic modeling --- hemicellulose-derived products --- gold catalysis --- selective oxidation --- colloidal synthesis --- 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural --- 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid --- particle size --- biomass conversion --- in-situ synthesis --- Sn-Beta zeolite --- isomorphous substitution --- glucose --- HMF --- oxidative condensation --- furan-2-acrolein --- Pd-based catalysts --- furfural --- MPV reaction --- acid-base characterization --- methylbutynol test reaction --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- Co/SBA-15 --- pore size --- pore length --- dry gel conversion --- MFI zeolite --- particle sizes --- silica sources --- hydrodeoxygenation --- biocatalysis --- bio-based platform chemicals --- furans --- reduction --- whole cells --- nickel phosphide --- cellobiose --- sorbitol --- MCM-41 --- hydrolytic hydrogenation --- zeolites --- catalysis --- solid acid --- solid base --- chemical modification --- alkylation --- glycosidation --- 2 methyl-furan --- catalyst design --- iron --- magnesium oxide --- catalytic hydrogen transfer reduction --- methanol --- diffusion --- ab initio --- industrial design --- H-ZSM-5 --- multiscale modeling --- adiabatic reactor --- zeolite catalysis --- hydrogenation --- palladium --- nanoparticles --- capping agent --- sol-immobilization --- furoic acid --- gold --- hydrotalcite --- oxidation --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- base-free --- green oxidation --- embedded catalysts --- biomass --- Eucalyptus globulus wood --- cross-flow autohydrolysis --- kinetic modeling --- hemicellulose-derived products --- gold catalysis --- selective oxidation --- colloidal synthesis --- 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural --- 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid --- particle size --- biomass conversion --- in-situ synthesis --- Sn-Beta zeolite --- isomorphous substitution --- glucose --- HMF --- oxidative condensation --- furan-2-acrolein --- Pd-based catalysts