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With Mutual Aid. A Factor in Evolution (1902), Darwinian scientist and anarchist theorist Pierre Kropotkine tried to establish that mutual aid was a factor in evolution as much if not more important than competition. The evolution could not be reduced to the survival of the fittest in a Malthusian setting. But if there is an intra-specific mutual aid in nature, what about inter-specific relationships, and between organisms in general and the environment?

Anarchism. --- Lamarckism. --- Darwinism. --- Social sciences. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Anarchism and anarchists --- Anarchy --- Government, Resistance to --- Libertarianism --- Nihilism --- Socialism --- théorie --- science --- social-darwinisme --- anarchisme --- lamarckisme --- naturalisme