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The book traces the educational plans, activities and interventions and the job placement paths of the "Progetto L.E.O.N.E." promoted by "Regione Liguria".

Disability --- Society & social sciences --- Education --- Social inclusion

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Uruguay is a regional leader in the path toward social inclusion. Sustained economic growth and redistributive policies have made it the most egalitarian country in Latin America. However, some groups are still excluded. Afro-descendants, persons with disabilities, women particularly in female-headed households and LGBTI people are more likely to be excluded. They face unequal opportunities, lower accumulation of human capital and skills, and a lack of voice and agency to have their points of views and aspirations of development included in decision making. This translates into disadvantages in education, health, housing, political representation, and employment, among others, and a higher tendency to live in poorer regions and slums. Excluded groups are also confronted with glass ceilings in the job market, which result in lower incomes and fewer opportunities. Uruguay has a robust matrix of social policies and one of the highest levels of public social spending in the region, but atomization of social programs and lack of coordination between them compromises their effectiveness. Closing the remaining gaps is possible and may not require large additional spending. Very often, changes in preexisting programs is all it takes to make them more socially inclusive. Policies that put social inclusion at their core do not necessarily do more, but they do things differently.

Housing --- Indigenous Communities --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Analysis --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion --- Social Inclusion and Institutions

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This paper makes several contributions. First, it presents a 'guidance note' on the framework for Social Registries, anchoring the definition of these systems in their functions along the Delivery Chain and their social policy role as inclusion systems, while clarifying terminology in a manner that is consistent with IT standards in the discussion of their architecture as information systems. Second, it illustrates the diverse typologies and trajectories of country experiences with Social Registries with respect to their (a) institutional arrangements (central and local); (b) use as inclusion systems (coverage, single or multi-program use, static or dynamic intake and registration); and (c) structure as information systems (structure of data management; degree and us of interoperability with other systems). These patterns primarily derive from a review of Social Registries in a sample of 20 countries), (Azerbaijan, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Djibouti, Georgia, Indonesia, Macedonia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Montenegro, Pakistan, the Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Turkey, and Yemen). The paper also draws on experience in other countries (Kenya, Rwanda, Nigeria, Egypt, Jordan, Vietnam, India, Estonia, Belgium, the US, Canada, Australia, and others) to illustrate specific points. Third, this paper develops a basic 'Assessment Tool' covering the core building blocks of Social Registries using a 'checklist' style of questions. Given the wide diversity of Social Registries in both their role in social policy and in their architecture, the approach is not prescriptive: it does not advocate for any specific model or blueprint for Social Registries. Any diagnostics or recommendations that emerge from use of this Guidance Note and Assessment Tool will be country specific. Some key take-away messages include: (a) the importance of recognizing both the role of the 'front lines' for outreach, intake and registration (Social Registries as inclusion systems) and the 'back office' functions of Social Registries as information systems; (b) the potential power of Social Registries as integrated and dynamic gateways for inclusion; (c) the recognition that Social Registries are generally part of end-to-end systems for specific programs, integrated social protection information systems, and/or even 'whole-of-government' approaches; and (d) there is significant diversity in the typology and trajectories of Social Registries across countries and over time.

ICT Applications. --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion --- Social Inclusion & Institutions --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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While its poverty rate has fallen slightly over the past two decades, the DRC remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The unaddressed demand for service delivery will require local private sector solutions to meet the needs of the poor, marginalized, and other underserved populations. Social enterprises (SEs) champion emerging private sector solutions to bring services to these populations, by switching from charity-based, donor-dependent organizations to revenue generating and sustainable enterprises. This report provides an overview of opportunities for, and constraints to, social entrepreneurship in the DRC and lays out a menu of options for strengthening social entrepreneurship through development programs.

Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion --- Social Inclusion and Institutions --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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What role do institutional constraints and social norms play in determining persistent gender gapsin economic and political participation and have institutional reforms been successful in reducing these gaps? This paper argues that, at the roots of current gender inequalities, there are traditional patriarchal social structures in which power is unequally distributed, with men traditionally holding authority over women. The power imbalance is manifested in governance arrangements, of which the author consider discriminatory formal laws and adverse gender norms that perpetuate gender inequality. The author reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of reforms addressing gender inequality and applied via formal law changes. Aware of endogeneity issues as reforms may be adopted in countries where attitudes toward women had already been improving, we focus on micro-empirical studies that tackle this challenge. The evidence suggests that some reforms have been successful reducing inequalities. Power and norms can shift and sometimes temporary interventions can deliver long-term results. There are, however, enormous challenges posed by power inequalities and inherent social norms that are slow-moving. Formal laws can remain ineffective or cause a backlash because: i) the law is poorly implemented and/or people are not aware of it; ii) informal systems and social norms/sanctions are stronger; iii) powerful groups (in our case, men) may oppose these changes. Finally, reforms that improve women's economic opportunities can create the conditions to increase political participation and vice-versa, thereby generating a self-reinforcing cycle of inclusion.

Gender --- Gender and Governance --- Gender and Social Policy --- Governance --- Inequality --- National Governance --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion --- Social Inclusion & Institutions --- Social Norms