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Avoidance. --- Dominance. --- Horse. --- Learning. --- Maze learning. --- Ponies. --- Social-dominance. --- Social.

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Two thousand questionnaires were distributed randomly via the Kennel Club (UK) to owners of purebred English Cocker Spaniels (ECSs). Owners were asked to give details about the ECSs they owned: age, sex, neuter status, coat colour. They were also asked to indicate whether their dog showed aggression (on a 1-5 scale; 1, never or almost never; 5, always or almost always) in any of 13 situations. These were: aggression towards strange dogs (A1), towards strangers approaching the dog (A2), towards persons approaching/visiting the home (A3), towards persons approaching the owner away from home (A4), towards children in the household (A5), towards other dogs in the household (A6), when the owner gives attention to other person or animal (A7), toward owner or member of owner's family (A8), when disciplined (A9), when reached for or handled (A10), when in restricted spaces (A11), at meal times/ defending food (A12) and, suddenly and without apparent reason (A13). A total of 1008 (50.4%) replies was received, of which 932 (owning 1109 dogs) were suitable for analysis. Solid colour ECSs were significantly more likely to show aggression than particolours in 12 out of the 13 situations (A2-A13) and red/goldens were more likely to show aggression than blacks in situations A1, A4, A5 and A7-A13 inclusive. Males were significantly more likely to show aggression than females in situations A1, A8, A9 and A10 while females were significantly more likely to show aggression towards other dogs in the household (A6). When comparing ECSs which had been neutered before signs of aggression were apparent, with entires, neutered females were found more likely to show aggression towards children in the household (A5). Cluster analysis revealed six groups of associated variables; these were labelled, 'protective (of itself and owner)', 'protective (of territory)', 'intraspecific (unfamiliar dogs)', 'competitive', 'possessive', and 'dominance-type' aggression. Most dogs showed 'protective (of

Age. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive. --- Analysis. --- Animal. --- Attention. --- Behaviour. --- Breed. --- Children. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Dominance. --- Expression. --- Female. --- Females. --- Food. --- Genetic. --- Group. --- Male. --- Males. --- Meal. --- Neuroendocrine. --- Neutering. --- Questionnaire. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Sign. --- Situations. --- Social-dominance. --- Social. --- Space. --- Territories. --- Territory.

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Sociology of law --- Age group sociology --- United States --- Juvenile Delinquency. --- Social Problems. --- Social Dominance. --- 343.9 --- Juvenile corrections --- -Juvenile delinquents --- -Prison psychology --- Prisoners --- Psychology, Prison --- Correctional psychology --- Delinquents --- Delinquents, Juvenile --- Juvenile offenders --- Offenders, Juvenile --- Offenders, Youthful --- Young offenders --- Youthful offenders --- Criminals --- Youth --- Corrections --- Juvenile justice, Administration of --- Juvenile delinquency --- Dominance Hierarchy --- Dominance, Social --- Dominance Hierarchies --- Hierarchy, Dominance --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Delinquency, Juvenile --- Criminologie --(algemeen) --- Rehabilitation --- -Psychology --- Law and legislation --- Juvenile delinquents --- Prison psychology. --- -Juvenile corrections --- 343.9 Criminologie --(algemeen) --- Prison psychology --- Juvenile Delinquency --- Social Dominance --- Social Problems --- Psychology --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- United States of America

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Women --- Sex role. --- Women in literature --- Sex in literature. --- Femmes --- Rôle selon le sexe --- Femmes dans la littérature --- Sexualité dans la littérature --- History --- Histoire --- Women - History - Modern period, 1600 --- -Sex role --- Sex in literature --- Power (Social sciences) --- Sex Behavior --- Gender Identity --- Social Dominance --- Women - history --- Literature, Modern --- Women - History and condition of women --- Sex role

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This is the first book devoted to the cultural history in the pre-modern period of people we now describe as having learning disabilities. Using an interdisciplinary approach, including historical semantics, medicine, natural philosophy and law, it considers a neglected field of social and medical history and makes an original contribution to the problem of a shifting concept such as 'idiocy'. Medieval physicians, lawyers and the schoolmen of the emerging universities wrote the texts which shaped medieval definitions of intellectual ability and its counterpart, disability. In studying such texts, which form part of our contemporary scientific and cultural heritage, we gain a better understanding of which people were considered to be intellectually disabled and how their participation and inclusion in society differed from the situation today.

People with mental disabilities --- Intellectual disability --- Social history --- History --- Handicapés mentaux --- Déficience intellectuelle --- Histoire sociale --- Histoire --- Intellectual Disability --- Middle Ages. --- Developmental disabilities --- history. --- Western society. --- childishness. --- classical antiquity. --- classical law courts. --- foolish behaviour. --- historical semantics. --- human soul. --- idiocy. --- infancy. --- intellectual disability. --- legal agency. --- medicalised traits. --- medieval court fools. --- medieval medicine. --- medieval natural science. --- mental illness. --- natural philosophy. --- social dominance theories. --- Handicapés mentaux --- Déficience intellectuelle