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The economic debate underlines the reasons why discount rates of infrastructure projects should be similar, regardless the public or private source of financing, during the forecast period when flows are risky but predictable. In contrast, we show that the incompleteness of contracts between governments and private firms beyond the forecast period (i.e., when flows of net social benefits are state-contingent) entails expected terminal values that are systematically larger under government rather than private financing. This effect provides a new rationale for applying a lower discount rate in the assessment of projects under public financing as compared to private financing.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Banks and Banking --- Public Finance --- Infrastructure --- Project Evaluation --- Social Discount Rate --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Civil service & public sector --- Discount rates --- Financial services --- National accounts --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- Public investment spending --- Expenditure --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Discount --- Saving and investment --- Finance, Public --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Public investments --- Canada

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The paper investigates the impact of the global financial crisis on public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the circumstances under which providing support to new and existing projects is justified. Based on country evidence, cost of and access to finance are found to be the main channels of transmission of the financial crisis, affecting in particular pipeline PPP projects. Possible measures to help PPPs during the crisis include contract extensions, output-based subsidies, revenue enhancements and step-in rights. To limit government's exposure to risk, while preserving private partner's efficiency incentives, intervention measures should be consistent with the wider fiscal policy stance, be contingent on specific circumstances, and be adequately costed and budgeted. Governments should be compensated for taking on additional risk.

Public-private sector cooperation. --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. --- Global Economic Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Private-public partnerships --- Private-public sector cooperation --- Public-private partnerships --- Public-private sector collaboration --- Financial crises --- Cooperation --- Accounting --- Banks and Banking --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Project Evaluation --- Social Discount Rate --- Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants --- Financial Crises --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Public finance & taxation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Financial services law & regulation --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Financial statements --- Exchange rate risk --- Market risk --- Expenditure --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Financial risk management --- Finance, Public --- Canada

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With the announcement of the European Green Deal, which defines a set of policy initiatives aimed at achieving a 50–55% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and making Europe climate neutral in 2050, the challenge of energy transition becomes even more critical. The transformation of national energy systems towards sustainability is progressing throughout all Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, yet the goals and results are different. Most EU Member States have made substantial progress towards meeting their long-term commitments of emissions reductions. However, some bloc members have struggled to meet their obligations. An effective energy transition requires the introduction of appropriately designed policy instruments and of robust economic analyses that ensure the best possible outcomes at the lowest costs for society. In this context, this Special Issue aims to bring into the discussion the challenges that CEE countries have to face and overcome while undergoing energy transition.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- climate change --- food security --- grand challenges --- multiple factor analysis --- regional studies --- renewable energy --- sustainable development goals --- support systems --- energy policy --- cogeneration --- capacity market --- individual cogeneration premium --- trade globalization --- financial globalization --- CO2 emissions --- real GDP per capita --- bootstrap panel Granger causality --- EU transition economies --- photovoltaics --- renewable energy sources --- “My Electricity” --- renewable energy policy --- Poland --- “Mój Prąd” --- grant --- renewable energy grants --- renewable energy support --- economic appraisal --- social discount rate --- Ramsey formula --- consumption rate of interest --- social opportunity cost --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- green energy transformation --- sustainable development --- energy cooperatives --- coopetition --- Renewable Energy Communities --- management --- households --- energy consumption --- platform --- EU ETS --- CO2 --- emissions trading --- energy companies from Central and Eastern Europe --- decarbonisation --- energy transition --- low-carbon technology --- climate and energy policy --- indicators --- biomass --- electric vehicle --- electromobility --- energy balance --- efficiency engines --- clustering --- charging stations --- data analysis --- hydrogen cells --- energy law --- customer preferences --- electric car --- PHEV --- driving technique --- limestone sorbents --- flue gas desulphurisation --- FGD gypsum --- coal-fired power plants --- climate policy --- capacity adequacy --- linear programming --- COVID-19 pandemic --- lockdown --- electricity demand profiles --- Polish energy mix --- energy transition in Poland --- social acceptance --- carbon emissions --- fleet electrification --- sustainable mobility --- fleet management --- energy mix --- onshore wind --- risk assessment --- cash-flows --- discount rate --- cost of capital --- cost of equity --- district heating --- decarbonization --- energy efficiency --- Hubgrade --- remuneration mechanism --- power generation --- new investments --- combined heat and power --- optimization --- thermal energy storage --- uncertainty

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With the announcement of the European Green Deal, which defines a set of policy initiatives aimed at achieving a 50–55% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and making Europe climate neutral in 2050, the challenge of energy transition becomes even more critical. The transformation of national energy systems towards sustainability is progressing throughout all Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, yet the goals and results are different. Most EU Member States have made substantial progress towards meeting their long-term commitments of emissions reductions. However, some bloc members have struggled to meet their obligations. An effective energy transition requires the introduction of appropriately designed policy instruments and of robust economic analyses that ensure the best possible outcomes at the lowest costs for society. In this context, this Special Issue aims to bring into the discussion the challenges that CEE countries have to face and overcome while undergoing energy transition.

climate change --- food security --- grand challenges --- multiple factor analysis --- regional studies --- renewable energy --- sustainable development goals --- support systems --- energy policy --- cogeneration --- capacity market --- individual cogeneration premium --- trade globalization --- financial globalization --- CO2 emissions --- real GDP per capita --- bootstrap panel Granger causality --- EU transition economies --- photovoltaics --- renewable energy sources --- “My Electricity” --- renewable energy policy --- Poland --- “Mój Prąd” --- grant --- renewable energy grants --- renewable energy support --- economic appraisal --- social discount rate --- Ramsey formula --- consumption rate of interest --- social opportunity cost --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- green energy transformation --- sustainable development --- energy cooperatives --- coopetition --- Renewable Energy Communities --- management --- households --- energy consumption --- platform --- EU ETS --- CO2 --- emissions trading --- energy companies from Central and Eastern Europe --- decarbonisation --- energy transition --- low-carbon technology --- climate and energy policy --- indicators --- biomass --- electric vehicle --- electromobility --- energy balance --- efficiency engines --- clustering --- charging stations --- data analysis --- hydrogen cells --- energy law --- customer preferences --- electric car --- PHEV --- driving technique --- limestone sorbents --- flue gas desulphurisation --- FGD gypsum --- coal-fired power plants --- climate policy --- capacity adequacy --- linear programming --- COVID-19 pandemic --- lockdown --- electricity demand profiles --- Polish energy mix --- energy transition in Poland --- social acceptance --- carbon emissions --- fleet electrification --- sustainable mobility --- fleet management --- energy mix --- onshore wind --- risk assessment --- cash-flows --- discount rate --- cost of capital --- cost of equity --- district heating --- decarbonization --- energy efficiency --- Hubgrade --- remuneration mechanism --- power generation --- new investments --- combined heat and power --- optimization --- thermal energy storage --- uncertainty

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This book focuses on the much-needed efforts to design sustainable, well-being-oriented economies, based on appropriate energy use in all sectors of a country´s development. Carbon neutrality, energy efficiency and effectiveness, renewable energies, circular economy strategies, environmental consequences of energy use, engagement and empowerment of local communities in decision making, energy and environmental impacts of consumer behavior, and finally science-based approaches towards sustainable production and consumption are the main focus of the research activities described within this book. An effort to go beyond energy scarcity, to promote energy communities, to explore new technologies, and overall, to understand and address the population-lifestyle-energy nexus towards increased and shared well-being is the final result jointly provided by the book authors. All in all, the aim is for the book to be the starting point of a deeper research and understanding of the importance of a radical improvement in energy use in society, beyond considering energy as just a resource in the world market. Circular economy aspects are also investigated, showing the energy saving potential associated with the appropriate design and recovery of material resources.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- energy consumption for heating --- CO2 emissions --- income --- buildings --- cities --- Spain --- emissions --- CO2 --- GWP --- functional unit --- natural gas --- SOFC --- optimal layout --- wake effect --- fluctuation --- wind farm --- ramping rate --- energy policy investments --- cost-benefit analysis --- social discount rate --- dual discounting --- energy transition index --- energy consumer --- behavioural model --- consumer segmentation --- socioeconomic characteristics --- end user profile --- energy awareness --- electricity --- efficiency --- multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis --- multifractality --- MLM --- rolling window --- smart grids --- demand response --- island communities --- social acceptance --- technology readiness --- sustainability --- Italy --- Ireland --- multi-regional input-output --- nexus --- trade --- Belt and Road --- renewable energy --- potential --- Indonesia --- literature review --- 100% renewables --- scenario --- energy savings --- circular economy --- construction and demolition waste --- recycled aggregates --- agri-food by-products --- urban building energy model --- UBEM --- level of detail --- LOD --- shadowing --- thermal zoning --- s-LCA --- LCA --- energy communities --- empowerment --- energy justice --- resource sustainability --- exergy --- exergy cost accounting --- exergy cost of biological resources --- decarbonisation --- climate neutrality --- industrial energy saving --- strategic decision making --- net-zero --- road mapping --- energy efficiency --- ideal mix --- sustainability strategy --- energy efficiency index