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Rapid urbanization and industrialization have progressively caused severe impacts on the mountainous, river, coastal environments, and have increased the risks for people living in these areas. Human activities have changed the ecosystems, and, hence, it is important to determine ways to predict these consequences to enable the preservation and restoration of these key areas. Furthermore, extreme events attributed to climate change are becoming more frequent, aggravating the entire scenario and introducing ulterior uncertainties for the accurate and efficient management of these areas to protect the environment, as well as the health and safety of people. Climate change is altering the rain and extreme heat, as well as inducing other weather mutations. All these lead to more frequent natural disasters such as flood events, erosions, and contamination and spreading of pollutants. Therefore, efforts need to be devoted to investigating the underlying causes, and to identifying feasible mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce the negative impacts on both the environment and citizens. In support of this aim, the selected papers in this book covered a wide range of issues that are mainly relevant to the following: i) the numerical and experimental characterization of complex flow conditions under specific circumstances induced by the natural hazards; ii) the effect of climate change on the hydrological processes in the mountainous, river and coastal environments, iii) the protection of ecosystems and the restoration of areas damaged by the effects of the climate change and human activities.

check dam --- hydrologic response --- sediment transport --- InHM --- Loess Plateau --- stratification effect --- inertia effect --- secondary flow --- meandering --- sediment laden flows --- pier scour --- non-uniform sediment --- armor layer --- equilibrium scour depth processes --- clear water scour condition --- suffusion --- internal stability --- grain size distribution (GSD) --- ecological operation --- multi-scale --- decomposition-coordination --- hydrologic alterations --- embankments --- overtopping failure --- material point method --- water–soil interactions --- numerical simulation --- SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) --- water-related natural hazards --- sediment scouring --- dense granular flow --- fast landslide --- surge wave --- flooding on complex topography --- HPC (High Performance Computing) --- FOSS (Free Open Source Software) --- climate change --- water levels --- causes and implications --- Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau --- rainfall patterns --- rainfall-runoff --- soil erosion --- slope length --- slope gradient --- non-homogeneous debris flow --- viscous coefficients --- intermittent debris flows --- energy conversion --- focusing waves --- wave amplitude spectra --- space-time parameter --- experimental investigations --- InVEST model --- wetland --- ecosystem service assessment --- value analysis --- schistosomiasis prevention --- ISPH --- liquid sloshing --- water jet flow --- impact pressure --- excitation frequency --- Navier-Stokes equation --- SST k-ω turbulence model --- vortex-induced vibration (VIV) --- Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method --- finite element method (FEM) --- rock–soil contact area --- fissure flow --- karst rocky desertification --- runoff --- rainfall simulation --- Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) --- porous media --- mathematical model --- coastal structure --- ocean and engineering --- turbulence --- emergent vegetation --- flexible vegetation --- rigid vegetation --- coherent structures --- shear layer --- elastic actuator line model --- OpenFOAM --- NREL 5 MW wind turbine --- aeroelastic performance --- check dam system --- sedimentary land --- flood control --- dam break --- SWE --- SPH --- openMP --- numerical modelling --- computational time --- experimental modelling --- scouring --- smoothed-particle hydrodynamics --- flooding --- dam-break --- debris flows --- urban evolution --- natural hazard

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Recent industrial criteria increasingly require the production of multi-material components. However, the manufacturing requirements of these components are not met by conventional welding techniques. Alternative solid-state technologies, such as impact-based processes, must be considered. The impact welding family is composed of several processes, such as explosion welding, magnetic pulse welding, vaporizing foil actuator welding, and laser impact welding. These processes present very different length scales, providing the impact welding family with a broad applicability range. A sample of the cutting-edge research that is being conducted on the multidisciplinary field of impact welding is presented in this book.

Technology: general issues --- dissimilar materials --- interlayer --- vaporizing foil actuators welding --- impact welding --- impact velocity --- impact angle --- welding interface --- flyer velocity --- energy efficiency --- peak velocity --- flyer rebound --- flyer size --- confinement layer --- explosive welding --- Ti6Al4V/Al-1060 --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) --- high-velocity impact welding --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation --- welding window --- gelatin --- thin aluminum plate --- magnesium alloys --- LPSO phase --- cellular metal --- composite structure --- unidirectional cellular metal --- explosive compaction --- high-energy-rate forming --- tantalum/copper/stainless steel clads --- severe plastic deformation --- SEM/EBSD --- microhardness --- magnetic pulse welding --- dissimilar metals --- surface preparation --- interface --- aluminum --- carbon steel --- stainless steel --- collision welding --- pressure welding --- process glare --- jet --- cloud of particles --- shock compression --- surface roughness --- collision conditions --- model test rig --- welding mechanisms --- dissimilar materials --- interlayer --- vaporizing foil actuators welding --- impact welding --- impact velocity --- impact angle --- welding interface --- flyer velocity --- energy efficiency --- peak velocity --- flyer rebound --- flyer size --- confinement layer --- explosive welding --- Ti6Al4V/Al-1060 --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) --- high-velocity impact welding --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation --- welding window --- gelatin --- thin aluminum plate --- magnesium alloys --- LPSO phase --- cellular metal --- composite structure --- unidirectional cellular metal --- explosive compaction --- high-energy-rate forming --- tantalum/copper/stainless steel clads --- severe plastic deformation --- SEM/EBSD --- microhardness --- magnetic pulse welding --- dissimilar metals --- surface preparation --- interface --- aluminum --- carbon steel --- stainless steel --- collision welding --- pressure welding --- process glare --- jet --- cloud of particles --- shock compression --- surface roughness --- collision conditions --- model test rig --- welding mechanisms

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Recent industrial criteria increasingly require the production of multi-material components. However, the manufacturing requirements of these components are not met by conventional welding techniques. Alternative solid-state technologies, such as impact-based processes, must be considered. The impact welding family is composed of several processes, such as explosion welding, magnetic pulse welding, vaporizing foil actuator welding, and laser impact welding. These processes present very different length scales, providing the impact welding family with a broad applicability range. A sample of the cutting-edge research that is being conducted on the multidisciplinary field of impact welding is presented in this book.

Technology: general issues --- dissimilar materials --- interlayer --- vaporizing foil actuators welding --- impact welding --- impact velocity --- impact angle --- welding interface --- flyer velocity --- energy efficiency --- peak velocity --- flyer rebound --- flyer size --- confinement layer --- explosive welding --- Ti6Al4V/Al-1060 --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) --- high-velocity impact welding --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation --- welding window --- gelatin --- thin aluminum plate --- magnesium alloys --- LPSO phase --- cellular metal --- composite structure --- unidirectional cellular metal --- explosive compaction --- high-energy-rate forming --- tantalum/copper/stainless steel clads --- severe plastic deformation --- SEM/EBSD --- microhardness --- magnetic pulse welding --- dissimilar metals --- surface preparation --- interface --- aluminum --- carbon steel --- stainless steel --- collision welding --- pressure welding --- process glare --- jet --- cloud of particles --- shock compression --- surface roughness --- collision conditions --- model test rig --- welding mechanisms --- n/a

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Understanding of the role of turbulence in controlling transport processes is of paramount importance for the preservation and protection of aquatic ecosystems, the minimization of the deleterious consequences of anthropogenic activity, and the successful sustainable development of river and maritime areas. In this context, the present Special Issue collects 15 papers which provide a representation of the present understanding of turbulent processes and their effects in river and maritime environments. The presented collection of papers is not exhaustive, but it highlights the key priority areas and knowledge gaps in this field of research. The published papers present the state-of-the-art knowledge of complex environmental flows which are useful for researchers and practitioners. The paper contents are an overview of some recent topics of research and an exposure of the current and future challenges associated with these topics.

inclined negatively buoyant jets --- flow mixing --- Kelvin–Helmholtz --- flow-through system --- mixing --- regular waves --- vegetation patch --- turbulence invariants --- junction angle --- gravel-bed rivers --- spatial analysis --- spectral model --- coastal lagoon --- roughness --- MIKE 21 FM (HD) --- billow --- dissipation --- river mouth --- waves --- advection --- wave–current interaction --- plunging breaking waves --- turbulence --- flow deflection zone --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics models --- numerical modelling --- physical modelling --- surface waves --- lobe --- dilution --- numerical model --- channel confluences --- prediction --- meanders --- CFD --- bedrock canyon --- MIKE 3 FM (HD & --- SVF --- diffusion --- dense jet --- sub-grid turbulence --- flow separation zone --- breaking waves --- Spartina maritima --- jets --- maritime areas --- flow retardation zone --- seabed friction --- sea discharges --- secondary motion --- ADCP --- cleft --- submerged ratio --- laboratory experiments --- wake region --- eddy viscosity --- bottom friction --- casting technique --- turbulent jet --- tidal inlets --- rivers --- nonlinear shallow water equations --- vorticity --- hydrodynamic model --- flow resistance --- PANORMUS --- spectral dissipation --- TR) --- macrovortices --- turbulent processes --- velocity --- trajectory --- flexible vegetation --- energy dissipation --- gravity current --- bed shear stress --- current flow --- drag coefficient --- residence time --- wave attenuation

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Due to the ongoing rise in sea level and increases in extreme wave climates, which consequently change the wave climate, coastal structures such as sea dikes and seawalls are exposed to severe and frequent sea storms. Even though much research related to wave–structure interactions has been carried out, it remains one of the most important and challenging topics in the field of coastal engineering. The recent publications in the Special Issue “Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures” in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering include a wide range of research, including theoretical/mathematical, experimental, and numerical work related to the interaction between sea waves and coastal structures. These publications address conventional coastal hard structures in deep water zones as well as those located in shallow water zones, such as wave overtopping over shallow foreshores with apartment buildings on dikes. The research findings presented help to improve our knowledge of hydrodynamic processes, and the new approaches and developments presented here will be good benchmarks for future work.

shallow waters --- wave energy --- coastal erosion --- beach restoration --- submerged breakwaters --- protected nourishments --- wave overtopping --- coastal safety --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- sea dikes --- overtopping reduction --- force reduction --- oblique waves --- storm return wall --- EurOtop manual --- validation --- wave modelling --- shallow foreshore --- dike-mounted vertical wall --- wave impact loads --- OpenFOAM --- average overtopping discharge --- individual volume --- overtopping flow depth --- overtopping flow velocity --- promenade --- vertical wall --- SWASH --- fluid–structure interaction --- waves --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics --- SPH --- Pont del Petroli --- storm Gloria --- inter-model comparison --- DualSPHysics --- wave pressure --- caisson breakwater --- stability --- RANS model --- solitary wave --- fully nonlinear wave --- three-dimensional wave --- partially submerged cylinder --- hollow circular cylinder --- tsunami --- wave --- bore --- flooding --- debris --- numerical modeling --- SPH–FEM coupling --- coastal structures --- n/a --- fluid-structure interaction --- SPH-FEM coupling