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The volume contains the results of the research project "Governance Analysis Project (GAP) for the Smart Energy City. The actualization of Smart Cities in the Metropolitan Areas of Europe and Italy” conducted within the PON “Smart Energy Master for the energy management of the territory” at the University Federico II of Naples (TeMA Lab of the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering). Smart Cities have gained increasing relevance in the scientific debate and in the national and international operational practice, emerging as one of the opportunities to rethink cities and, more generally, the life of urban communities. First reflections, researches and projects on the issue seem to converge towards the idea that a “smart” urban development should not only be a result of the yet necessary and unavoidable infrastructural endowment (physical capital) and of its continuing innovation, but also of the quality of human, social and environmental capital, conceived as strategic factors for development. A “smart” city is, primarily, a city able to effectively satisfy the needs of its citizens respecting the rules imposed by the environmental context. It is in such a debate that the project GAP fits with the aim to address Smart Cities in light of the administrative reorganization of Italian large cities as a consequence of the Law 56/2014. With a scientific approach, the volume provides a comprehensive and updated framework of how Italian and European Metropolitan cities are declining the Smart City issue and this thanks to the collection of a wide-ranging screening represented by more than 1.000 initiatives including researches, projects, interventions, technologies, etc. Furthermore, one original element of this research is that after an analysis conducted through indirect sources, a phase of dialogue with “stakeholders” was carried out (and of this there is a wide picture in the volume in which, by the way, are reported long excerpts of the interviews). This has enabled to give a clearer framework of what is now experimenting in Italian and European cities, avoiding being totally naïve for interventions and projects labelled as “smart”, but often lacking of innovative methods and contents. The volume is articulated in 16 chapters: two chapters present the comparison among 12 Italian metropolitan cities, instituted by Law 56/2014, with reference to the ongoing experimentations (chap.1) and indicators of smartness (chap.2); one chapter (chap.15) illustrates how 5 European cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Bristol and Bruxelles) are interpreting the Smart City model; one chapter (chap.16) illustrates the ongoing experimentation in 3 Italian metropolitan cities (Milan, Venice and Bologna) directly explained by those who are carrying on the interventions (local technical bodies or associations); the remainder chapters are dedicated each to one of the 12 metropolitan cities analyzed (Milan, Turin, Genoa, Venice, Bologna, Florence, Rome, Naples, Bari, Reggio Calabria, Palermo and Catania).

Smart Governance --- Metropolitan areas --- Italy --- Smart city

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The volume contains the results of the research project "Governance Analysis Project (GAP) for the Smart Energy City. The actualization of Smart Cities in the Metropolitan Areas of Europe and Italy” conducted within the PON “Smart Energy Master for the energy management of the territory” at the University Federico II of Naples (TeMA Lab of the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering). Smart Cities have gained increasing relevance in the scientific debate and in the national and international operational practice, emerging as one of the opportunities to rethink cities and, more generally, the life of urban communities. First reflections, researches and projects on the issue seem to converge towards the idea that a “smart” urban development should not only be a result of the yet necessary and unavoidable infrastructural endowment (physical capital) and of its continuing innovation, but also of the quality of human, social and environmental capital, conceived as strategic factors for development. A “smart” city is, primarily, a city able to effectively satisfy the needs of its citizens respecting the rules imposed by the environmental context. It is in such a debate that the project GAP fits with the aim to address Smart Cities in light of the administrative reorganization of Italian large cities as a consequence of the Law 56/2014. With a scientific approach, the volume provides a comprehensive and updated framework of how Italian and European Metropolitan cities are declining the Smart City issue and this thanks to the collection of a wide-ranging screening represented by more than 1.000 initiatives including researches, projects, interventions, technologies, etc. Furthermore, one original element of this research is that after an analysis conducted through indirect sources, a phase of dialogue with “stakeholders” was carried out (and of this there is a wide picture in the volume in which, by the way, are reported long excerpts of the interviews). This has enabled to give a clearer framework of what is now experimenting in Italian and European cities, avoiding being totally naïve for interventions and projects labelled as “smart”, but often lacking of innovative methods and contents. The volume is articulated in 16 chapters: two chapters present the comparison among 12 Italian metropolitan cities, instituted by Law 56/2014, with reference to the ongoing experimentations (chap.1) and indicators of smartness (chap.2); one chapter (chap.15) illustrates how 5 European cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Bristol and Bruxelles) are interpreting the Smart City model; one chapter (chap.16) illustrates the ongoing experimentation in 3 Italian metropolitan cities (Milan, Venice and Bologna) directly explained by those who are carrying on the interventions (local technical bodies or associations); the remainder chapters are dedicated each to one of the 12 metropolitan cities analyzed (Milan, Turin, Genoa, Venice, Bologna, Florence, Rome, Naples, Bari, Reggio Calabria, Palermo and Catania).

Smart Governance --- Metropolitan areas --- Italy --- Smart city

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Smart City has been a growing trend for the past few years. Cities and companies are trying to join forces in order to build the city of tomorrow by integrating technologies, citizen participation, smart transportation, smart energy or decrease of energy consumption into their innovative projects. Examples can be various and often arise from multiple stakeholders.
However, the economic aspect of the Smart City can’t be ignored. Before you can hope for a satisfying return on investment and see the infrastructure being built under your eyes, you have to consider the price of such an innovation and the way you manage to finance the whole process. It can sometimes even be the ways. 
This thesis tackles the different ways of financing a Smart City project in Wallonia. Considering different aspects of the country, such as the contrast with Flanders, economic issues and the growing trend of Smart Cities, we will try to discover how different communities of Wallonia manage to finance their projects and how bright their future is. 
The analysis will begin with a theoretical part that will be useful to introduce the concept of Smart City and how it became such a phenomenon on the European scene. Then the comparison with Belgium and especially Wallonia will be made. We will then define the main ways of financing a project or a company, making an important distinction between traditional ways (venture capitalists, subsidies, bank loans, etc.) and alternative ways (crowdfunding, public-private partnerships, etc.). The second part will deal with a qualitative analysis of nine communities of the Walloon territory. Focusing on how they manage to raise funds to launch Smart City projects, we will try to spot the links with the theoretical approach and build conclusions.

Smart City --- Financement alternatif --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance

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Examine the history of smart homes, how technology shapes our lives, and ways you can think about the home when developing new products. This book presents the opportunities in the homespace that will come from understanding the history and multiple players that have contributed to the development of the home in general. You'll start by breaking down the historical, societal and political context for the changes in focus of that ‘smartness’ from affordability, efficiency, convenience to recently experimentation. The second half of the book then reviews what current developments tell us about what our homes will look like in the next 10 years through the lens of spaces, services, appliances and behaviours in our homes. Over the past 100 years, the home has been a battleground for ideas of future living. Fueled by the electrification of cities, the move from the country to cities, post-war recovery and the development of the internet, the way we live at home (alone or with others) has changed beyond recognition. Science fiction writing, the entertainment industry, art, and modern interior design and architecture movements have also contributed to defining our aspirations around a future and now more present and possible ‘smart’ home. Smarter Homes looks at the many new and innovative products that are being developed in the consumer and industrial spaces with a copy-paste mindset based on following larger businesses, such as Amazon, Google and Apple. .

Computer architecture. Operating systems --- science fiction --- Smart City --- computernetwerken

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Our society is evolving faster than ever and is facing an important transformation. When trying to account for this changeover, two main elements surface. Firstly, the demographic growth is a worldwide and constant phenomenon. Secondly, citizens have been moving to urban areas, following the process of urbanization. However, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities which cannot extend. Europe and Belgium are particularly concerned with this issue, as respectively 70 % and 98 % of their population lives in urban areas. 

These rapid changes entail a number of new challenges in various domains, such as education, mobility, environment, natural resources management, safety, culture, urban development and housing. Therefore, the concept of Smart Cities has appeared as the best-suited long-term strategy aiming to face these challenges. Its main goals are to improve citizens’ quality of life and provide a sustainable development of urban ecosystems. 

This master’s thesis, entitled « What are the main challenges of financing Smart City projects? », analyses what financing models are used in Belgium for Smart City projects, what the main obstacles are to their funding, and finally, what solutions should be implemented to facilitate the investment and the development of such projects. 

After clarifying various theoretical aspects, we will elaborate on the topic through interviews with actors and specialists involved in developing Smart City projects from both private and public sectors, in order to draw a comparison between the theoretical and the practical aspects. 

The analysis of theoretical and practical fields has brought two challenges to light. On the one hand, the high need of capital is perceived for the achievement of Smart Cities, while private and public sectors both have limited budgets. On the other hand, there is a lack of expertise and general knowledge on the matter, which results in the risky and complex completion of Smart City projects. In addition, a lack of long-term strategy and consulting between actors has been identified.

Smart City --- Financement --- Barrières --- Urbanisation --- Croissance démographique --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Comptabilité & audit