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Team sports training are progressively growing, and thus challenging strength and conditioning coaches and head coaches. As part of a well-prepared training strategy, it is important to establish a functional relationship among fitness assessment, load, and well-being monitoring and readiness analysis to identify the consequences of training stimulus for players. Each of these topics has already been isolated in research; however, it is important to bridge the gap between them and establish a greater and more comprehensive approach among fitness adaptations, training monitoring, and specific interventions performed. This may help us to achieve a clearer view of the big picture in terms of the consequences for players, such as, considering their exposure to successful biological adaptations or less successful cases, including illness or injuries. As it is clear that more research should be performed on the relationship among these dimensions and topics, the aim of the Special Issue on "Fitness Assessment, Athlete’s Monitoring Cycle and Training Interventions in Team Sports" was to publish high-quality original investigations, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis in the research field of team sports. We have published 22 articles that cover the topics of performance assessment and relationships between fitness measures; training load monitoring, well-being, and readiness in team sports;training interventions; complementary strategies for performance (e.g., nutrition, supplementation, psychology, injury preventions, and recovery); and determinants of illness and injuries in players.

football --- load monitoring --- situational variables --- GPS --- sports science --- youth handball players′ characteristics --- RSA test --- anaerobic performance --- playing position characteristics --- asymmetry --- soccer --- strength --- youth --- muscles --- acceleration --- deceleration --- in-season --- non-starters --- pre-season --- starters --- training monotony --- training strain --- ball throwing --- hand size --- arm span --- motor performance --- stretch-shortening cycle --- additional weight --- ability-to-change-direction --- speed --- balance --- repeated change of direction --- autonomic nervous system --- cardiac autonomic --- vagal tone --- adolescents --- training load --- match analysis --- team sports performance --- exercise training --- velocity --- team sport performance --- injury risk screening --- athletes assessment --- landing error score system --- counter movement jump --- team sports --- statistical analysis --- correlation --- monitoring --- RPE --- heart rate --- beach handball --- youth athletes --- training interventions --- fitness assessment --- strength and conditioning --- female --- association football --- performance --- external load --- isoinertial training --- strength training --- vertical jump --- change of direction ability --- high-speed running --- match --- match result --- performance analysis --- technology --- inertial measurement units --- neuromuscular --- repeated jump --- max speed --- Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test --- muscle soreness --- maximal isometric contraction strength --- countermovement jump --- Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 --- soccer constraints --- small-sided games --- athletic performance --- sports training --- internal load --- body symmetry --- ski jumpers --- segmental phase angle --- visceral fat area --- BIA --- winter sports --- nutritional status --- soccer training --- s-RPE --- Hooper index --- match day --- match location --- physiology --- time motion --- notational analysis --- yangara (East Arnhemland NT SD53-04)

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The concept of mechanism in biology has three distinct meanings. It may refer to a philosophical thesis about the nature of life and biology, to the internal workings of a machine-like structure, or to the causal explanation of a particular phenomenon. In this Special Issue, we try to discuss these possible biological mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of physical fitness and sports performance, as well their importance and role/influences on physical health.Despite the significant body of knowledge regarding the physiological and physical effects of different training methods (based on dimensions of load), some of the biological causes for those changes are still unknown. Additionally, few studies have focused on the natural biological variability in humans and how specific properties of humans may justify different effects for the same training intervention. Thus, more original research is needed to provide plausible biological mechanisms that may explain the physiological and physical effects of exercise and training in humans.In this Special Issue, we gather the contributions that describe and list the links between physical fitness, sports performance, and human biology.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- body composition --- BIVA --- fat mass --- weight loss --- HRQoL --- knowledge --- physical activity --- rheumatic diseases --- women --- 25(OH)D --- physiology of performances --- puberty --- pre-planned agility --- non-planned agility --- Paralympic Powerlifting --- ibuprofen --- muscle strength --- oxidative stress --- recovery of function --- satellite cells --- muscle regeneration --- myogenic regulatory factors --- inflammation --- exercise --- age --- athletic performance --- rowing --- sport --- young athlete --- mathematical model --- executive functions --- cognitive performance --- youth --- physical education --- BIA --- coronavirus disease --- detraining --- football --- muscle mass --- team sports --- soccer --- high-intensity --- small-sided games --- psychophysiological responses --- combined training --- cycling --- endurance --- oxygen uptake --- FTP --- threshold --- power --- strength --- muscular activity --- electromyography --- core endurance test --- muscular performance --- erythropoietin --- erythroferrone --- mental health --- sports --- spinal cord injury --- resistance training --- muscle damage --- acid–base balance --- kickboxing --- metabolic acidosis --- type 2 diabetes --- physical exercise --- high-intensity interval training --- cardiac autonomic modulation --- heart rate recovery --- heart rate variability --- aerobic training --- health --- triathlon --- performance --- ergogenic aids --- muscle fatigue --- recovery --- hormones --- antioxidant --- body fat --- IgA --- immunomodulation --- nutritional supplement --- obesity --- vibrating exercise equipment --- chronic low back pain --- surface electromyography --- biological mechanisms --- physical health --- sports and exercise physiology --- glucagon-like peptide-1 --- glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide --- dry land training --- one repetition maximum --- back squat --- water parachute --- aquatic training --- swimming performance --- hypoxic dose --- muscular endurance --- sex difference --- flanker --- adolescent --- Tabata training --- blood pressure --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- physical education lessons --- log-linear analysis --- multivariate correspondence analysis --- load --- heart rate --- high-speed running --- monotony --- muscle soreness --- sprint --- sleep --- strain --- stress --- tumour --- depression --- cancer survivorship --- cardiovascular fitness --- aerobic capacity --- skin surface temperature --- high-intensity exercise --- thermal imaging --- acute exercise --- hormonal response --- saliva --- strength training --- lean body mass --- kinanthropometry --- n/a --- acid-base balance