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Delay, difference, functional, fractional, and partial differential equations have many applications in science and engineering. In this Special Issue, 29 experts co-authored 10 papers dealing with these subjects. A summary of the main points of these papers follows:Several oscillation conditions for a first-order linear differential equation with non-monotone delay are established in Oscillation Criteria for First Order Differential Equations with Non-Monotone Delays, whereas a sharp oscillation criterion using the notion of slowly varying functions is established in A Sharp Oscillation Criterion for a Linear Differential Equation with Variable Delay. The approximation of a linear autonomous differential equation with a small delay is considered in Approximation of a Linear Autonomous Differential Equation with Small Delay; the model of infection diseases by Marchuk is studied in Around the Model of Infection Disease: The Cauchy Matrix and Its Properties. Exact solutions to fractional-order Fokker–Planck equations are presented in New Exact Solutions and Conservation Laws to the Fractional-Order Fokker–Planck Equations, and a spectral collocation approach to solving a class of time-fractional stochastic heat equations driven by Brownian motion is constructed in A Collocation Approach for Solving Time-Fractional Stochastic Heat Equation Driven by an Additive Noise. A finite difference approximation method for a space fractional convection-diffusion model with variable coefficients is proposed in Finite Difference Approximation Method for a Space Fractional Convection–Diffusion Equation with Variable Coefficients; existence results for a nonlinear fractional difference equation with delay and impulses are established in On Nonlinear Fractional Difference Equation with Delay and Impulses. A complete Noether symmetry analysis of a generalized coupled Lane–Emden–Klein–Gordon–Fock system with central symmetry is provided in Oscillation Criteria for First Order Differential Equations with Non-Monotone Delays, and new soliton solutions of a fractional Jaulent soliton Miodek system via symmetry analysis are presented in New Soliton Solutions of Fractional Jaulent-Miodek System with Symmetry Analysis.

integro–differential systems --- Cauchy matrix --- exponential stability --- distributed control --- delay differential equation --- ordinary differential equation --- asymptotic equivalence --- approximation --- eigenvalue --- oscillation --- variable delay --- deviating argument --- non-monotone argument --- slowly varying function --- Crank–Nicolson scheme --- Shifted Grünwald–Letnikov approximation --- space fractional convection-diffusion model --- variable coefficients --- stability analysis --- Lane-Emden-Klein-Gordon-Fock system with central symmetry --- Noether symmetries --- conservation laws --- differential equations --- non-monotone delays --- fractional calculus --- stochastic heat equation --- additive noise --- chebyshev polynomials of sixth kind --- error estimate --- fractional difference equations --- delay --- impulses --- existence --- fractional Jaulent-Miodek (JM) system --- fractional logistic function method --- symmetry analysis --- lie point symmetry analysis --- approximate conservation laws --- approximate nonlinear self-adjointness --- perturbed fractional differential equations

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Stochastic processes have wide relevance in mathematics both for theoretical aspects and for their numerous real-world applications in various domains. They represent a very active research field which is attracting the growing interest of scientists from a range of disciplines.This Special Issue aims to present a collection of current contributions concerning various topics related to stochastic processes and their applications. In particular, the focus here is on applications of stochastic processes as models of dynamic phenomena in research areas certain to be of interest, such as economics, statistical physics, queuing theory, biology, theoretical neurobiology, and reliability theory. Various contributions dealing with theoretical issues on stochastic processes are also included.

arithmetic progressions --- weighted quadratic variation --- fractional differential-difference equations --- small deviations --- periodic intensity functions --- realized volatility --- rate of convergence --- host-parasite interaction --- first Chebyshev function --- regularly varying functions --- Cohen and Grossberg neural networks --- mixture of Gaussian laws --- diffusion model --- transition densities --- re-service --- Strang–Marchuk splitting approach --- random delays --- nematode infection --- first-passage-time --- total variation distance --- forecast combinations --- products of primes --- discrete time stochastic model --- multiplicative noises --- slowly varying functions --- growth curves --- stochastic process --- loan interest rate regulation --- birth-death process --- non-Markovian queue --- catastrophes --- exogenous factors --- seasonal environment --- repairs --- proportional hazard rates --- structural breaks --- transient probabilities --- first passage time (FPT) --- bounds --- double-ended queues --- mixed Gaussian process --- stochastic order --- time between inspections --- busy period --- diffusion --- continuous-time Markov chains --- general bulk service --- time-non-homogeneous birth-death processes --- stand-by server --- reliability --- sensor networks --- random impulses --- scale family of distributions --- maximum likelihood estimation --- multi-state network --- totally positive of order 2 --- lognormal diffusion process --- fractional birth-death processes --- exact asymptotics --- stochastic orders --- time-non-homogeneous jump-diffusion processes --- asymptotic distribution --- inverse first-passage problem --- nonhomogeneous Poisson process --- two-dimensional signature --- multiple vacation --- first-passage time --- mean square stability --- fractional queues --- differential entropy --- random parameter matrices --- Wasserstein distance --- breakdown and repair --- fusion estimation

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The aim of this Special Issue of Mathematics is to commemorate the outstanding Russian mathematician Vladimir Zolotarev, whose 90th birthday will be celebrated on February 27th, 2021. The present Special Issue contains a collection of new papers by participants in sessions of the International Seminar on Stability Problems for Stochastic Models founded by Zolotarev. Along with research in probability distributions theory, limit theorems of probability theory, stochastic processes, mathematical statistics, and queuing theory, this collection contains papers dealing with applications of stochastic models in modeling of pension schemes, modeling of extreme precipitation, construction of statistical indicators of scientific publication importance, and other fields.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- continuous-time Markov chains --- non-stationary Markovian queueing model --- stability --- perturbation bounds --- forward Kolmogorov system --- threshold processing --- random samples --- long-term dependence --- mean-square risk estimate --- integrals and sums --- rates of convergence --- conditional law of large numbers --- conditional central limit theorem --- stochastic differential observation system --- nonlinear filtering problem --- state-dependent observation noise --- numerical filtering algorithm --- filtering given time-discretized observations --- stable approximation --- approximation accuracy --- Rényi theorem --- Kantorovich distance --- zeta-metrics --- Stein’s method --- stationary renewal distribution --- equilibrium transform --- geometric random sum --- characteristic function --- precipitation --- limit theorems --- statistical test --- generalized negative binomial distribution --- generalized gamma distribution --- asymptotic approximations --- extreme order statistics --- random sample size --- slowly varying --- monotony in the Zygmund sense --- class Γa(g) --- self-neglecting function --- convergence rates --- citation distribution --- Hirsch index --- geometric distribution --- Sibuya distribution --- geometrically stable distribution --- generalized Linnik distribution --- random sum --- transfer theorem --- multivariate normal scale mixtures --- heavy-tailed distributions --- multivariate stable distribution --- multivariate Linnik distribution --- generalized Mittag–Leffler distribution --- multivariate generalized Mittag–Leffler distribution --- stable distribution --- probability density function --- distribution function --- Hankel contours --- multivariate stable processes --- contour integrals --- fractional laplacian --- second order expansions --- high-dimensional --- low sample size --- Laplace distribution --- Student’s t-distribution --- pareto mixture distribution --- multiserver system --- uniform distance --- perfect simulation --- priority system --- marked Markov arrival process --- phase-type distribution --- change of the priority --- dispatching --- heterogeneous servers --- Markov decision process --- policy-iteration algorithm --- mean number of customers --- decomposable semi-regenerative process --- multiple power series distribution --- integral limit theorem --- local limit theorem --- Tauberian lemma --- R-weakly one-sided oscillation of the multiple sequence at infinity along the given multiple sequence --- pension schemes --- balance equation --- gross premium --- premium load --- lump sum --- defined contribution pension schemes --- decrement tables --- robustness --- minimax approach --- stable estimation