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Bioenergy is renewable energy obtained from biomass—any organic material that has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Biogas is among the biofuels that can be obtained from biomass resources, including biodegradable wastes like manure, sewage sludge, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, slaughterhouse waste, crop residues, and more recently lignocellulosic biomass and algae. Within the framework of the circular economy, biogas production from biodegradable waste is particularly interesting, as it helps to save resources while reducing environmental pollution. Besides, lignocellulosic biomass and algae do not compete for arable land with food crops (in contrast with energy crops). Hence, they constitute a novel source of biomass for bioenergy.Biogas plants may involve both high-tech and low-tech digesters, ranging from industrial-scale plants to small-scale farms and even households. They pose an alternative for decentralized bioenergy production in rural areas. Indeed, the biogas produced can be used in heaters, engines, combined heat and power units, and even cookstoves at the household level. Notwithstanding, digesters are considered to be a sustainable technology that can improve the living conditions of farmers by covering energy needs and boosting nutrient recycling. Thanks to their technical, socio-economic, and environmental benefits, rural biogas plants have been spreading around the world since the 1970s, with a large focus on farm-based systems and households. However, several challenges still need to be overcome in order to improve the technology and financial viability.

Mixing --- optimised --- household digester --- Chinese dome digester (CDD) --- self-agitation --- blank --- mixing --- Chinese dome digester --- impeller mixed digester --- unstirred digester --- hydraulically mixed --- total solids (TS) concentration --- plug-flow reactor --- anaerobic digestion --- animal manures --- biogas --- unconfined gas injection mixing --- mixing recirculation --- biomethane potential tests --- Italy --- manure --- energy crops --- agriculture residues --- digestate --- biochemical methane potential --- micro-aeration --- iron --- bioenergy --- H2S scrubber --- methane --- fermentation --- dairy --- poultry --- absorbent --- ammonia --- inhibition --- acclimatization --- trace elements --- anaerobic treatment --- energy assessment --- rural sanitation --- sludge --- wastewater --- agricultural runoff --- biomethane --- biorefinery --- microalgae --- photobioreactor --- pretreatment --- low cost digester --- psychrophilic anaerobic digestion --- thermal behavior --- anaerobic co-digestion --- slaughterhouse wastewater --- synergistic effects --- kinetic modeling --- biodegradability

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This book examines the state-of-the-art water and wastewater treatment methods that can be applied to develop a sustainable treatment technique in the future. Of the several high-quality articles submitted, twelve were published after the peer-review process, with an acceptance rate of 59 percent. In the first section of this book, the articles include the occurrence and removal of emerging contaminants in water bodies. Moreover, the presence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water sources is discussed in detail. Subsequently, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and dye with different physicochemical methods is investigated. In another section of this book, the removal of ammonia with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is studied. Additionally, the elimination of heavy metals using the adsorption process, as an effective method, is discussed. Moreover, the performance of membrane bioreactors in the elimination of pollutants from landfill leachate is investigated in another article in this book. In addition to this, green and sustainable wastewater technologies (GSWTs) have recently attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, nanoremediation and microalgae-based systems are discussed as the GSWTs.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- natural coagulant --- production --- characterisation --- application --- microalgae harvesting --- cost analysis --- coagulation and flocculation --- chitosan --- powder activated carbon --- hexadecylamine --- hybrid adsorbent --- regeneration --- Fe (VI) oxidation --- chemical oxygen demand --- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons --- central composite design --- RSM --- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) --- toxicology --- PFAS health risk --- regulatory values --- anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) --- Patescibacteria --- Candidate phyla radiation --- Candidatus Brocadia sinica --- Candidatus Jettenia caeni --- metagenomic analysis --- biological nitrogen removal --- wastewater treatment --- chromium --- functional groups --- isotherm --- rice husk --- anthropogenic substances --- disinfection --- wastewater --- poultry slaughterhouse wastewater --- microfiltration --- ultrafiltration --- nanofiltration --- reverse osmosis --- environmental ecotoxicity --- nanoremediation --- nZVI --- CNTs --- remediation process --- soil remediation --- stabilized leachate --- membrane fabrication --- filtration technology --- phase inversion technique --- powdered activated carbon (PAC) --- bio-membrane --- multi-integrated system --- expanded granular bed reactor --- anaerobic digestion --- activated sludge --- membrane bioreactor --- natural coagulation --- chemical coagulation --- pharmaceuticals --- Moringa oleifera --- green treatment technology --- n/a

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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This book examines the state-of-the-art water and wastewater treatment methods that can be applied to develop a sustainable treatment technique in the future. Of the several high-quality articles submitted, twelve were published after the peer-review process, with an acceptance rate of 59 percent. In the first section of this book, the articles include the occurrence and removal of emerging contaminants in water bodies. Moreover, the presence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water sources is discussed in detail. Subsequently, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and dye with different physicochemical methods is investigated. In another section of this book, the removal of ammonia with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is studied. Additionally, the elimination of heavy metals using the adsorption process, as an effective method, is discussed. Moreover, the performance of membrane bioreactors in the elimination of pollutants from landfill leachate is investigated in another article in this book. In addition to this, green and sustainable wastewater technologies (GSWTs) have recently attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, nanoremediation and microalgae-based systems are discussed as the GSWTs.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- natural coagulant --- production --- characterisation --- application --- microalgae harvesting --- cost analysis --- coagulation and flocculation --- chitosan --- powder activated carbon --- hexadecylamine --- hybrid adsorbent --- regeneration --- Fe (VI) oxidation --- chemical oxygen demand --- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons --- central composite design --- RSM --- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) --- toxicology --- PFAS health risk --- regulatory values --- anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) --- Patescibacteria --- Candidate phyla radiation --- Candidatus Brocadia sinica --- Candidatus Jettenia caeni --- metagenomic analysis --- biological nitrogen removal --- wastewater treatment --- chromium --- functional groups --- isotherm --- rice husk --- anthropogenic substances --- disinfection --- wastewater --- poultry slaughterhouse wastewater --- microfiltration --- ultrafiltration --- nanofiltration --- reverse osmosis --- environmental ecotoxicity --- nanoremediation --- nZVI --- CNTs --- remediation process --- soil remediation --- stabilized leachate --- membrane fabrication --- filtration technology --- phase inversion technique --- powdered activated carbon (PAC) --- bio-membrane --- multi-integrated system --- expanded granular bed reactor --- anaerobic digestion --- activated sludge --- membrane bioreactor --- natural coagulation --- chemical coagulation --- pharmaceuticals --- Moringa oleifera --- green treatment technology --- natural coagulant --- production --- characterisation --- application --- microalgae harvesting --- cost analysis --- coagulation and flocculation --- chitosan --- powder activated carbon --- hexadecylamine --- hybrid adsorbent --- regeneration --- Fe (VI) oxidation --- chemical oxygen demand --- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons --- central composite design --- RSM --- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) --- toxicology --- PFAS health risk --- regulatory values --- anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) --- Patescibacteria --- Candidate phyla radiation --- Candidatus Brocadia sinica --- Candidatus Jettenia caeni --- metagenomic analysis --- biological nitrogen removal --- wastewater treatment --- chromium --- functional groups --- isotherm --- rice husk --- anthropogenic substances --- disinfection --- wastewater --- poultry slaughterhouse wastewater --- microfiltration --- ultrafiltration --- nanofiltration --- reverse osmosis --- environmental ecotoxicity --- nanoremediation --- nZVI --- CNTs --- remediation process --- soil remediation --- stabilized leachate --- membrane fabrication --- filtration technology --- phase inversion technique --- powdered activated carbon (PAC) --- bio-membrane --- multi-integrated system --- expanded granular bed reactor --- anaerobic digestion --- activated sludge --- membrane bioreactor --- natural coagulation --- chemical coagulation --- pharmaceuticals --- Moringa oleifera --- green treatment technology