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Targeted therapy has developed significantly in the last one and half decades, prescribing specific medications for treatment of particular diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. One of the most exciting recent developments in targeted therapies was the isolation of disease-specific molecules from natural resources, such as animal venoms and plant metabolites/toxins, for use as templates for new drug motif designs. In addition, the study of venom proteins/peptides and toxins naturally targeted mammalian receptors and demonstrated high specificity and selectivity towards defined ion channels of cell membranes. Research has also focsed intensely on receptors. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins addressed the most recent advances using animal venoms, such as frog secretions, bee/ant venoms and plant/fungi toxins, as medicinal therapy. Recent advances in venom/toxin/immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy, along with using novel disease-specific venom-based protein/peptide/toxin and currently available FDA-approved drugs for combinationtreatments will be discussed. Finally, we included an overview of select promising toad/snake venom-based peptides/toxins potentially able to address the forthcoming challenges in this field. Both research and review articles proposing novelties or overviews, respectively, were published in this Special Issue after rigorous evaluation and revision by expert peer reviewers.

cane toad --- n/a --- B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma --- Malaysian cobras --- complement system --- decay accelerating factor --- neuroblastoma --- atopic dermatitis --- complement dependent cytotoxicity --- antioxidant enzymes --- bacterial adhesion --- cancer therapy --- N. kaouthia --- anuran skin secretion --- frog --- Apis mellifera syriaca --- solid phase extraction --- bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) --- disintegrin --- toad toxins --- immunotoxins --- ribosome-inactivating proteins --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- drug design --- Moxetumomab pasudotox --- snake venom --- antiviral activity --- in vitro effects --- bombesin-related peptide --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- half-life --- blood vessel formation --- target therapy --- 2 --- MYCN --- indolealkylamines --- Huachansu --- membrane attack complex --- bouganin --- bee venom --- SEM --- anticancer activity --- antimicrobial peptide --- house dust mite extract (DFE) --- mannose receptor --- O. hannah --- bicarinalin --- gastric cells --- melittin --- LC-ESI-MS --- dermaseptin --- smooth muscle --- apoptosis --- anticancer --- N. sumatrana --- Helicobacter pylori --- inflammation --- immunotherapy --- atopic dermatitis (AD) --- immunotoxin --- mantle cell lymphoma --- clearance --- mass spectrometry --- Bougainvillea --- rRNA N-glycosylase activity --- fungal toxin --- skin inflammation --- targeted therapy --- 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) --- Bee venom --- VEGF --- Chansu --- bufadienolides --- obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) --- BLF1 --- antimicrobial activity --- orellanine --- VB6-845 --- acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- ribosome-inactivating protein --- CD206 --- molecular cloning --- cancer --- CD22 --- eIF4A --- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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This is collection of original and review articles selected in recognition of the contribution of Instituto Butantan to the field of toxinology and its continued and relevant role in this field in the 120 years since its foundation. Congratulations to the Butantan Institute, its house scientists, and collaborators on its 120th anniversary!

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- mass spectrometry --- proteome --- snake venom --- Bothrops jararaca --- breast cancer --- HF3 --- human plasma --- proteolysis --- snake venom metalloproteinase --- Bothrops atrox --- blister --- local damage --- DAMPs --- antivenom --- snakebite --- Bothrops --- metalloproteases --- inflammation --- microcirculation --- adhesion molecules --- leukocyte-endothelium interactions --- individual variability --- venom heterogeneity --- STEC --- Stx2 --- antibody fragment --- monoclonal antibody --- neurodegenerative disease --- neurodegeneration --- IL-17 --- glial cells --- crotoxin --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- spheroid model --- tumor stroma --- Lonomia --- envenoming --- innovation --- Tityus serrulatus --- venom components --- hypotensins --- NEP inhibition --- cytokines --- toxins --- venoms --- skin secretion --- drug discovery --- scorpion accidents --- lactation --- maternal care --- seizure threshold --- leech --- Haementeria vizottoi --- cysteine proteases inhibitor --- recombinant cystatin --- cathepsin L --- Cryptops iheringi --- centipede --- venom --- toxin --- transcriptome --- recombinant protein --- venomics --- chilopoda --- oral tolerance --- ELISA --- Bothrops phospholipases A2 --- lipid mediators --- signaling pathways --- fish venoms --- cytolysins --- multifunctionality --- pore formation --- Bitis arietans venom (BaV) --- Kn-Ba --- cytokines and chemokines --- PGE2 --- THP-1 macrophages --- analgesic peptide --- protein kinase C --- hyperalgesia --- cell-signaling --- Hyalomma dromedarii --- salivary glands --- serpin --- anticoagulants --- thrombin inhibitor --- β-defensins --- snakes --- antimicrobial activity --- bioisosterism --- peptides --- Thalassophryne --- nattectin --- reverse-phase HPLC --- MALDI-ToF --- hemagglutinating activity --- antibacterial activity --- toxinology --- animal toxins