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The demand for iron ore products is continuously increasing by the steel production industry worldwide. Among these products, there is the sinter, one of the burden components that feed a blast furnace for pig iron production. A good quality sinter is the key element for stable and efficient blast furnace operation, and the mineralogical composition of a sinter directly influences its quality. Secondary hematite for example, is detrimental to the reduction degradation of sinter, which justifies the need to control it. For this reason, it is crucial to have characterization methods that allow the evaluation of this mineralogy in an economically viable way and the optical image analysis appears as a simple, but powerful tool for such characterization. Therefore, an automated optical image analysis method has been developed, which is capable of quantifying not only the major sinter phases, but also distinguishing different morphologies of the same mineral, such as primary and the above mentioned, secondary hematite. Such distinction is a challenging task, since the two hematite forms present similar chemistry and the same optical properties. The algorithm performance has been evaluated by another optical analysis technique, manual point counting, which demonstrated that the majority of the primary/secondary hematite measurements performed by the automated method were within the interval of +/- 5% the actual value, a promising performance. Subsequently, three sinters produced from different amounts of solid fuel had their mineralogies related to quality indexes (reducibility, cold strength and reduction degradation), to evaluate the influence that each sinter phase has on the quality of the sinter. Finally, in an attempt to observe the transformation of hematite with increasing temperature, tests in a quenching furnace have been conducted, allowing the visualization of interesting intermediary stages of this transformation, part of this thermal-chemical process that is the sintering process.

sinter --- characterization --- mineralogy --- optical microscope --- secondary hematite --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Géologie, ingénierie du pétrole & des mines

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uring the spring of 1960, an uncle showed me a ‘petrifying spring’ near Plaxtol in Kent Dwhere twigs had been encased in a calcareous jacket. A twig was collected and having - cently been given I. Evan’s Observer’s Book of Geology by my parents, I found a photograph of another petrifying spring and an explanation of its origin. In those days, Derbyshire was too far for a holiday destination, and I took little further interest until a research studentship with Professor G. E. Fogg became available in 1971. Tony Fogg had recently moved to the University College of North Wales, Bangor and the research was to be into cyanobacterium mats, with fieldwork along the Red Sea coast. The fieldwork never materialised but my interest in algal mats had been aroused. A chance stroll along the Bangor shore revealed beautifully calcified cya- bacterium mats, and Tony generously allowed me to investigate these instead. The old Plaxtol collection was retrieved and yielded abundant cyanobacteria. It became apparent that here was a wealth of information about a rock whose formation was so rapid, that the process could be studied in days rather than years – an exceptional state of affairs. A search of the literature also revealed that the rock, a form of travertine, had other unusual features.

Travertine. --- Limestone. --- Carbonate rocks --- Calcium carbonate --- Calcarous sinter --- Sinter --- Limestone --- Geology, economic. --- Geology. --- Materials. --- Sedimentology. --- Aquatic biology. --- Life sciences. --- Economic Geology. --- Materials Science, general. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Petrology --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Economic geology --- Physical geology --- Mines and mineral resources --- Materials --- Economic geology. --- Materials science. --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology --- Material science --- Physical sciences

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The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.

Technology: general issues --- precipitation --- leaching --- complexation --- anion effect --- equilibrium calculation --- rare earth elements --- magnets --- recycling --- recovery --- fluorides --- modelling --- clay minerals --- grain size characteristics --- in situ leaching --- simulated leaching --- ion-absorbed type rare earth ore --- coal --- acid mine drainage --- coal combustion byproducts --- kinetics --- apparent activation energy --- rare-earth elements --- scandium --- alumina production --- sinter processes --- red mud --- electrostatic precipitation dust --- alkali leaching --- lanthanide separation --- magnetic nanohydrometallurgy --- complexing nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- magnetophoresis --- monazite processing --- urban mining --- REE --- sulfuric acid baking --- caustic digestion --- acid leaching --- water leaching --- coal utilization byproducts --- pregnant leach solution --- underclay --- organic acid --- rare earths --- distribution factor --- selective precipitation --- oxalates --- organic complexes

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The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.

Technology: general issues --- precipitation --- leaching --- complexation --- anion effect --- equilibrium calculation --- rare earth elements --- magnets --- recycling --- recovery --- fluorides --- modelling --- clay minerals --- grain size characteristics --- in situ leaching --- simulated leaching --- ion-absorbed type rare earth ore --- coal --- acid mine drainage --- coal combustion byproducts --- kinetics --- apparent activation energy --- rare-earth elements --- scandium --- alumina production --- sinter processes --- red mud --- electrostatic precipitation dust --- alkali leaching --- lanthanide separation --- magnetic nanohydrometallurgy --- complexing nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- magnetophoresis --- monazite processing --- urban mining --- REE --- sulfuric acid baking --- caustic digestion --- acid leaching --- water leaching --- coal utilization byproducts --- pregnant leach solution --- underclay --- organic acid --- rare earths --- distribution factor --- selective precipitation --- oxalates --- organic complexes --- precipitation --- leaching --- complexation --- anion effect --- equilibrium calculation --- rare earth elements --- magnets --- recycling --- recovery --- fluorides --- modelling --- clay minerals --- grain size characteristics --- in situ leaching --- simulated leaching --- ion-absorbed type rare earth ore --- coal --- acid mine drainage --- coal combustion byproducts --- kinetics --- apparent activation energy --- rare-earth elements --- scandium --- alumina production --- sinter processes --- red mud --- electrostatic precipitation dust --- alkali leaching --- lanthanide separation --- magnetic nanohydrometallurgy --- complexing nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- magnetophoresis --- monazite processing --- urban mining --- REE --- sulfuric acid baking --- caustic digestion --- acid leaching --- water leaching --- coal utilization byproducts --- pregnant leach solution --- underclay --- organic acid --- rare earths --- distribution factor --- selective precipitation --- oxalates --- organic complexes

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Dit boekje geeft informatie over de Roma hier en nu, over de landen van oorsprong en een stukje geschiedenis. Verder wordt ingegaan op de situatie op het vlak van onderwijs, gezondheidszorg, huisvesting en tewerkstelling, en op de communicatie met en de toegankelijkheid van diensten.

397.7 --- BPB0606 --- Gitan --- rom --- romai --- Romi --- romer --- romani --- Romach --- romi --- Ciganos --- Romowie --- Ρόμα --- Roma --- romaní --- Rómovia --- Romové --- Romët --- роми --- Роми --- Rom --- roma --- Fahrende --- tzigane --- romas --- Циганин --- boyash --- rändrahvas --- Boiash --- цигани --- cigán --- Aškale --- cigan --- roms --- Żingari --- Ром --- Kalés --- nomadi --- mustlane --- sintid --- zigenare --- viajantes --- ashkali --- Zigeuner --- gitano --- Sinte --- Komuniteti rom --- sinter --- čigāns --- tsigane --- szintó --- ashkalíes --- mánus --- manušai --- Beás --- Sintés --- Gypsies --- Синти --- Manouches --- Gens du voyage --- rromi --- travelleri --- Popotnike --- manush --- sintai --- Sintígh --- σίντι --- Romaigh --- aškaliai --- ром --- Ashkali --- Kalé --- Bojaxx --- Róm --- Cigane --- rejsende --- mustalainen --- aškalid --- sigøjnere --- Travellers --- boyashi --- sinti --- zingaro --- Manuxx --- čigonas --- zíngaros --- țigan --- Bojaše --- kalé --- bojašai --- woonwagenbewoners --- Axkali --- kaale --- manuches --- manouche --- cigány --- țigani --- Ρομ --- Cyganie --- Boyash --- cikán --- τσιγγάνος --- vjaġġaturi --- romanichel --- αθίγγανος --- askáli --- Cigán --- πλανόβιος --- Sintové --- Manuše --- gitan --- gitani --- Sinti und Roma --- Sinti --- zigeuner --- Sociology of culture --- Sociology of minorities --- Belgium