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Protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of approximately 10,000 different soluble and membrane proteins of human cells, which amounts to about 30% of the proteome. Most of these proteins fulfill their functions either in the membrane or lumen of the ER plus the nuclear envelope, in one of the organelles of the pathways for endo- and exocytosis (ERGIC, Golgi apparatus, endosome, lysosome, and trafficking vesicles), or at the cell surface as plasma membrane or secreted proteins. An increasing number of membrane proteins destined to lipid droplets, peroxisomes or mitochondria are first targeted to and inserted into the ER membrane prior to their integration into budding lipid droplets or peroxisomes or prior to their delivery to mitochondria via the ER-SURF pathway. ER protein import involves two stages, ER targeting, which guarantees membrane specificity, and the insertion of nascent membrane proteins into or translocation of soluble precursor polypeptides across the ER membrane. In most cases, both processes depend on amino-terminal signal peptides or transmembrane helices, which serve as signal peptide equivalents. However, the targeting reaction can also involve the ER targeting of specific mRNAs or ribosome–nascent chain complexes. Both processes may occur co- or post-translationally and are facilitated by various sophisticated machineries, which reside in the cytosol and the ER membrane, respectively. Except for resident ER and mitochondrial membrane proteins, the mature proteins are delivered to their functional locations by vesicular transport.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- chaperones --- contact sites --- endoplasmic reticulum --- ER-SURF --- membrane extraction --- mitochondria --- protein targeting --- bimolecular luminescence complementation --- competition --- split luciferase --- membrane proteins --- protein-protein interactions --- Sec61 complex --- Sec63 --- synthetic peptide complementation --- TRAP complex --- ER protein translocase --- signal peptide --- protein translocation --- nascent peptide chain --- membrane insertion --- molecular modelling --- molecular dynamics simulations --- molecular docking --- signal peptidase --- ER translocon --- signal recognition particle dependent protein targeting --- Sec61 dependent translocation --- co-translational translocation --- inhibitor --- high throughput screening --- Sec61 --- Sec62 --- folding --- insertion --- membrane protein --- translocon --- ribosome --- transmembrane segment --- lipid droplets --- peroxisomes --- PEX3 --- membrane protein insertion --- label-free quantitative mass spectrometry --- differential protein abundance analysis --- Zellweger syndrome --- GET --- protein transport --- SND --- SRP --- EMC --- positive-inside rule --- hydrophobicity --- transmembrane helix --- signal recognition particle --- nascent polypeptide-associated complex --- fidelity --- cyclotriazadisulfonamide --- ER quality control --- DNAJC3 --- preprotein --- Sec61 translocon --- ribosome stalling --- signal sequence --- Sec61 translocase --- NAC --- chaperones --- contact sites --- endoplasmic reticulum --- ER-SURF --- membrane extraction --- mitochondria --- protein targeting --- bimolecular luminescence complementation --- competition --- split luciferase --- membrane proteins --- protein-protein interactions --- Sec61 complex --- Sec63 --- synthetic peptide complementation --- TRAP complex --- ER protein translocase --- signal peptide --- protein translocation --- nascent peptide chain --- membrane insertion --- molecular modelling --- molecular dynamics simulations --- molecular docking --- signal peptidase --- ER translocon --- signal recognition particle dependent protein targeting --- Sec61 dependent translocation --- co-translational translocation --- inhibitor --- high throughput screening --- Sec61 --- Sec62 --- folding --- insertion --- membrane protein --- translocon --- ribosome --- transmembrane segment --- lipid droplets --- peroxisomes --- PEX3 --- membrane protein insertion --- label-free quantitative mass spectrometry --- differential protein abundance analysis --- Zellweger syndrome --- GET --- protein transport --- SND --- SRP --- EMC --- positive-inside rule --- hydrophobicity --- transmembrane helix --- signal recognition particle --- nascent polypeptide-associated complex --- fidelity --- cyclotriazadisulfonamide --- ER quality control --- DNAJC3 --- preprotein --- Sec61 translocon --- ribosome stalling --- signal sequence --- Sec61 translocase --- NAC

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Significant scientific and therapeutic advances have been made in recent decades, particularly in hereditary but also in acquired neuromuscular diseases. As a result of our increasing etiological understanding, the classification of these diseases has changed from a clinical–descriptive and formal–genetic to a molecular–genetic and pathophysiological one. This has led to an intensification of research into the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, resulting in the first effective gene-modifying treatments for DMD and SMA in recent years and, more recently, gene replacement therapy for the most severe form of SMA. In addition, great strides have been made in symptomatic and rehabilitative treatment, making it possible to improve the functioning and quality of life of those affected and their families. This Special Issue of Children contains a collection of 12 studies and reviews dealing with genetic and acquired peripheral nerve and muscle disorders.

Medicine --- Neurology & clinical neurophysiology --- Pompe disease --- GAA gene --- general population database --- carrier frequency --- genetic prevalence --- spinal muscular atrophy --- quality of life --- child neurology --- patient-reported outcomes --- neuromuscular --- carpal tunnel syndrome --- median nerve neuropathy --- electrodiagnostic studies --- neuromuscular ultrasound --- mucopolysaccharidosis --- neuropathy --- children --- adolescents --- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease --- traumatic neuropathy --- inflammatory neuropathy --- metabolic neuropathy --- posterior spinal fusion --- kyphosis --- sagittal plane deformity --- signal recognition particle --- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl --- coenzyme A reductase --- juvenile myositis --- therapy --- clinical course --- chaperone-assisted autophagy --- clinical trials --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- public health surveillance --- distal arthrogryposis --- AMC --- ECEL1 --- contractures --- muscle MRI --- spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) --- nusinersen --- fine manual dexterity --- ultrasonographic elastography --- neuromuscular disease --- muscle --- brachial plexus neuritis --- hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy --- paralysis --- vaccination --- pediatrics --- n/a --- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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Sensors are the eyes or/and ears of an intelligent system, such as UAV, AGV and robots. With the development of material, signal processing, and multidisciplinary interactions, more and more smart sensors are proposed and fabricated under increasing demands for homes, the industry, and military fields. Networks of sensors will be able to enhance the ability to obtain huge amounts of information (big data) and improve precision, which also mirrors the developmental tendency of modern sensors. Moreover, artificial intelligence is a novel impetus for sensors and networks, which gets sensors to learn and think and feed more efficient results back. This book includes new research results from academia and industry, on the subject of “Smart Sensors and Networks”, especially sensing technologies utilizing Artificial Intelligence. The topics include: smart sensors biosensors sensor network sensor data fusion artificial intelligence deep learning mechatronics devices for sensors applications of sensors for robotics and mechatronics devices

History of engineering & technology --- microelectromechanical systems --- inertial measurement unit --- long short term memory recurrent neural networks --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- CNN --- LSTM --- CO2 welding --- molten pool --- online monitoring --- mechanical sensor --- self-adaptiveness --- ankle-foot exoskeleton --- walking assistance --- visual tracking --- correlation filter --- color histogram --- adaptive hedge algorithm --- scenario generation --- autonomous vehicle --- smart sensor and device --- wireless sensor networks --- task assignment --- distributed --- reliable --- energy-efficient --- audification --- sensor --- visualization --- speech to text --- text to speech --- HF-OTH radar --- AIS --- radar tracking --- data fusion --- fuzzy functional dependencies --- maritime surveillance --- surgical robot end-effector --- clamping force estimation --- joint torque disturbance observer --- PSO-BPNN --- cable tension measurement --- queue length --- roadside sensor --- vehicle detection --- adverse weather --- roadside LiDAR --- data processing --- air pollution --- atmospheric data --- IoT --- machine learning --- RNN --- Sensors --- smart cities --- traffic flow --- traffic forecasting --- wireless sensor network --- fruit condition monitoring --- artificial neural network --- ethylene gas --- banana ripening --- unidimensional ACGAN --- signal recognition --- data augmentation --- link establishment behaviors --- DenseNet --- short-wave radio station --- landing gear --- adaptive landing --- vehicle classification --- FBG --- smart sensors --- outlier detection --- local outlier factor --- data streams --- air quality monitoring --- evacuation path --- multi-story multi-exit building --- temperature sensors --- multi-time-slots planning --- optimization --- microelectromechanical systems --- inertial measurement unit --- long short term memory recurrent neural networks --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- CNN --- LSTM --- CO2 welding --- molten pool --- online monitoring --- mechanical sensor --- self-adaptiveness --- ankle-foot exoskeleton --- walking assistance --- visual tracking --- correlation filter --- color histogram --- adaptive hedge algorithm --- scenario generation --- autonomous vehicle --- smart sensor and device --- wireless sensor networks --- task assignment --- distributed --- reliable --- energy-efficient --- audification --- sensor --- visualization --- speech to text --- text to speech --- HF-OTH radar --- AIS --- radar tracking --- data fusion --- fuzzy functional dependencies --- maritime surveillance --- surgical robot end-effector --- clamping force estimation --- joint torque disturbance observer --- PSO-BPNN --- cable tension measurement --- queue length --- roadside sensor --- vehicle detection --- adverse weather --- roadside LiDAR --- data processing --- air pollution --- atmospheric data --- IoT --- machine learning --- RNN --- Sensors --- smart cities --- traffic flow --- traffic forecasting --- wireless sensor network --- fruit condition monitoring --- artificial neural network --- ethylene gas --- banana ripening --- unidimensional ACGAN --- signal recognition --- data augmentation --- link establishment behaviors --- DenseNet --- short-wave radio station --- landing gear --- adaptive landing --- vehicle classification --- FBG --- smart sensors --- outlier detection --- local outlier factor --- data streams --- air quality monitoring --- evacuation path --- multi-story multi-exit building --- temperature sensors --- multi-time-slots planning --- optimization

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Sensors are the eyes or/and ears of an intelligent system, such as UAV, AGV and robots. With the development of material, signal processing, and multidisciplinary interactions, more and more smart sensors are proposed and fabricated under increasing demands for homes, the industry, and military fields. Networks of sensors will be able to enhance the ability to obtain huge amounts of information (big data) and improve precision, which also mirrors the developmental tendency of modern sensors. Moreover, artificial intelligence is a novel impetus for sensors and networks, which gets sensors to learn and think and feed more efficient results back. This book includes new research results from academia and industry, on the subject of “Smart Sensors and Networks”, especially sensing technologies utilizing Artificial Intelligence. The topics include: smart sensors biosensors sensor network sensor data fusion artificial intelligence deep learning mechatronics devices for sensors applications of sensors for robotics and mechatronics devices

microelectromechanical systems --- inertial measurement unit --- long short term memory recurrent neural networks --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- CNN --- LSTM --- CO2 welding --- molten pool --- online monitoring --- mechanical sensor --- self-adaptiveness --- ankle-foot exoskeleton --- walking assistance --- visual tracking --- correlation filter --- color histogram --- adaptive hedge algorithm --- scenario generation --- autonomous vehicle --- smart sensor and device --- wireless sensor networks --- task assignment --- distributed --- reliable --- energy-efficient --- audification --- sensor --- visualization --- speech to text --- text to speech --- HF-OTH radar --- AIS --- radar tracking --- data fusion --- fuzzy functional dependencies --- maritime surveillance --- surgical robot end-effector --- clamping force estimation --- joint torque disturbance observer --- PSO-BPNN --- cable tension measurement --- queue length --- roadside sensor --- vehicle detection --- adverse weather --- roadside LiDAR --- data processing --- air pollution --- atmospheric data --- IoT --- machine learning --- RNN --- Sensors --- smart cities --- traffic flow --- traffic forecasting --- wireless sensor network --- fruit condition monitoring --- artificial neural network --- ethylene gas --- banana ripening --- unidimensional ACGAN --- signal recognition --- data augmentation --- link establishment behaviors --- DenseNet --- short-wave radio station --- landing gear --- adaptive landing --- vehicle classification --- FBG --- smart sensors --- outlier detection --- local outlier factor --- data streams --- air quality monitoring --- n/a --- evacuation path --- multi-story multi-exit building --- temperature sensors --- multi-time-slots planning --- optimization

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The Special Issue “Radar and Sonar Imaging Processing” is a collection of 21 articles exploring many topics related to remote sensing with radar and sonar sensors. In this editorial, we present short introductions of the published articles. The series of articles in this SI deal with a broad profile of aspects of the use of radar and sonar images in line with the latest scientific trends while making use of the latest developments in science, including artificial intelligence. It can be said that both radar and sonar imaging and processing still remain a “hot topic” and much research in this area is being conducted worldwide. New techniques and methods for extracting information from radar and sonar sensors and data have been proposed and verified. Some of these will stimulate further research while others have reached maturity and can be considered for industrial implementation and development.

radar --- fuzzy sets theory --- artificial neural network --- game theory --- safe ship trajectory --- computer simulation --- computer decision support --- underwater sonar image --- adaptive denoising --- detection --- adaptive initialization --- synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) --- multireceiver --- numerical evaluation --- numerical transfer function --- imaging algorithm --- X-Band radar --- marine radar current measurement --- quality control --- measurement reliability --- accuracies --- precision --- WaMoS® II --- vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler --- autonomous surface vehicles --- anti-collision --- automotive radar --- target detection --- interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) --- image registration --- translational motion parameters estimation --- strong scattering centers fusion --- terahertz radar imaging --- side-scan sonar image --- gray scale correction --- Retinex --- image enhancement --- side-scan sonar --- multibeam echo sounder --- initial image matching with constraint --- dense local self-similarity --- superimposition --- quadratic phase error --- SAR --- approximation --- spaceborne real-time SAR imaging --- orbit determination error --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- low frequency --- high-resolution --- large bandwidth --- improved generalized chirp scaling (GCS) --- Lagrange inversion theorem --- range-dependent coupling --- complex Doppler ambiguity --- fast-maneuvering target refocusing --- non-uniform FFT (NUFFT) --- 1D scaled Fourier transform (1D SCFT) --- 3D sonar --- bathymetry --- data reduction --- autonomous navigation --- ground penetrating radar --- underground cavity detection network --- deep convolutional neural network --- automated underground object classification --- phase analysis --- super-resolution --- anti-drone systems --- FMCW radars --- drones detection --- radars calibration --- narrow-band radar --- target classification --- signal reconstruction --- features extraction --- weighted features fusion --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- focusing --- periodically gapped data --- complex deconvolution --- side scan sonar --- bottom tracking --- one-dimensional convolutional neural network --- signal recognition --- real-time processing --- space-borne SAR --- deceptive jamming --- Doppler sensor --- acoustic vector sensor --- road traffic monitoring --- water column image --- gas emissions --- automatic detection --- optical flow --- parallax --- cloud --- earth observation --- geostationary satellite --- meteorological radar --- MSG --- SEVIRI --- sonar --- data fusion --- sensor design --- target tracking --- target imaging --- image understanding --- target recognition