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Power shortages present a significant challenge to manufacturers, who rely on power as a key input to production. In Pakistan, power shortages are commonplace, but empirical evidence on the impact of shortages is still lacking. Using a survey of 4,500 manufacturing firms for the year 2010-11, this paper estimates the impact of electricity shortages on firm productivity in Pakistan. The analysis finds that a 10 percent increase in the duration of outages on average leads to a 0.14 percent decrease in a firm's total revenue and a 0.36 percent decrease in the value added, all else being equal. There is heterogeneity in the impacts of shortages across sectors: the industries that are most energy-intensive, such as manufacturers of metal, wood, and paper, are affected the most severely by shortages.

Electricity Shortages --- Manufacturing Productivity

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Inventory shortages --- Retail trade --- Shoplifting --- Prevention --- Security measures

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A common perception of global resource scarcity holds that it is inevitably a catalyst for conflict among nations; yet, paradoxically, incidents of such scarcity underlie some of the most important examples of international cooperation. This volume examines the wider potential for the experience of scarcity to promote cooperation in international relations and diplomacy beyond the traditional bounds of the interests of competitive nation states. The interdisciplinary background of the book's contributors shifts the focus of the analysis beyond narrow theoretical treatments of international relations and resource diplomacy to broader examinations of the practicalities of cooperation in the context of competition and scarcity. Combining the insights of a range of social scientists with those of experts in the natural and bio-sciences-many of whom work as 'resource practitioners' outside the context of universities-the book works through the tensions between 'thinking/theory' and 'doing/practice', which so often plague the process of social change. These encounters with scarcity draw attention away from the myopic focus on market forces and allocation, and encourage us to recognise more fully the social nature of the tensions and opportunities that are associated with our shared dependence on resources that are not readily accessible to all. The book brings together experts on theorising scarcity and those on the scarcity of specific resources. It begins with a theoretical reframing of both the contested concept of scarcity and the underlying dynamics of resource diplomacy. The authors then outline the current tensions around resource scarcity or degradation and examine existing progress towards cooperative international management of resources. These include food and water scarcity, mineral exploration and exploitation of the oceans. Overall, the contributors propose a more hopeful and positive engagement among the world's nations as they pursue the economic and social benefits derived from natural resources, while maintaining the ecological processes on which they depend.

Natural resources --- Scarcity. --- Deficiency --- Shortages --- International cooperation. --- Nature --- Natural Resources --- Political Science --- International Relations --- Diplomacy

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Teachers --- Teacher shortages --- Supply and demand --- Sociology of occupations --- Sociology of education --- Teacher education. Teacher's profession

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Retail trade --- -Business losses --- -Inventory shortages --- -#SBIB:309H2812 --- #SBIB:33H21 --- #SBIB:022.IO --- Shortages, Inventory --- Inventories --- Shoplifting --- Losses, Business --- Non-capital losses --- Accounting --- Business --- Finance --- Retail industry --- Retailing --- Commerce --- Marketing --- Shopping centers --- Wholesale trade --- Security measures --- -Prevention --- Prevention --- Marketing, consumentengedrag, consumentisme --- Problemen van de onderneming: algemeen --- Business losses --- Inventory shortages --- Prevention. --- #SBIB:309H2812