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This book collects selected high-quality papers published in 2018–2020 to inaugurate the “Natural Hazards” Section of the Geosciences journal. The topics encompass: trends in publications at international level in the field of natural hazards research; the role of Big Data in natural disaster management; assessment of seismic risk through the understanding and quantification of its different components; climatic/hydro-meteorological hazards; and finally, the scientific analysis and disaster forensics of recent natural hazard events. The target audience includes not only specialists, but also graduate students who wish to approach the challenging, but also fascinating

Research & information: general --- big data --- disaster management --- review --- natural hazards --- disaster --- scientometrics --- bibliometrics --- citation analysis --- NatCatSERVICE --- Sigma Explorer --- Oroville Dam --- spillway --- incident --- flood control --- flood-frequency analysis --- dam operation --- drought --- impacts --- exposure --- vulnerability --- risk --- policy --- risk assessment --- earthquake risk --- energy security --- reliability of power supply --- Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) --- integration process --- common electricity market --- masonry aggregates --- vulnerability assessment --- vulnerability curves --- damage scenarios --- local hazard effect --- psychological representation of earthquakes --- open-ended and closed-questions surveys --- children --- seismic hazard assessment --- emotions --- emotional prevention --- African easterly wave --- attractor coexistence --- chaos --- hurricane --- limit cycle --- Lorenz model --- predictability --- recurrence --- extended range weather prediction --- Jakarta basin --- site effects --- shear-wave velocity --- urban fabrics --- seismic vulnerability --- critic analysis --- cost modelling --- urban preservation programming --- building works programming --- natural hazard --- earthquake --- dam spillway --- psychology --- cyber-infrastructure

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The devastating effects caused by the recent catastrophic earthquakes that took place all over the world from Japan, New Zealand, to Chile, as well as those occurring in the Mediterranean basin, have once again shown that ground motion, although a serious source of direct damage, is not the only parameter to be considered, with most damage being the result of coseismic geological effects that are directly connected to the earthquake source or caused by ground shaking. The primary environmental effects induced by earthquakes as well as the secondary effects (sensu Environmental Seismic Intensity - ESI 2007 scale) must be considered for a more correct and complete evaluation of seismic hazards, at both regional and local scales. This Special Issue aims to collect all contributions that, using different methodologies, integrate new data produced with multi-disciplinary and innovative methods. These methodologies are essential for the identification and characterization of seismically active areas, and for the development of new hazard models, obtained using different survey techniques. The topic attracted a lot of interest, 19 peer-reviewed articles were collected; moreover, different areas of the world have been analyzed through these methodologies: Italy, USA, Spain, Australia, Ecuador, Guatemala, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, China, Japan, and Nepal.

Research & information: general --- Arctic–Asian seismic belt --- regional segment --- active fault --- paleoseismogenic structure --- Late Cenozoic deformation --- earthquake mechanism --- seismotectonic deformation --- potential seismicity --- earthquake hazard --- DIC --- CPO --- model selection --- Pohang earthquake --- South Korea --- ground effects --- liquefaction --- geological control --- fault barrier --- seismic hazard --- earthquake hazards --- ESI scale 2007 --- EEE database --- microtremor H/V spectral ratio --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity structure --- site amplification --- Ulaanbaatar --- earthquake environmental effects --- Suusamyr earthquake --- Kyrgyzstan --- Tien Shan --- surface rupture --- landslide --- digital elevation model (DEM) --- Structure-from-Motion --- earthquake-induced landslide --- fully probabilistic technique --- Newmark’s method --- Sakhalin Island --- risk --- machine learning --- expert estimate --- maximum possible magnitudes of earthquakes --- one class classification --- seismic zoning --- earthquake forecasting --- paleoliquefaction --- paleoearthquake --- ESI-07 scale --- earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) --- earthquake archaeological effects (EAEs) --- intensity maps --- seismic scenarios --- earthquake catalogues --- Spain --- emergency shelter --- earthquake --- disaster --- weighted coefficient --- suitability analysis --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- catalog incompleteness --- coseismic landslides --- macroseismic intensity --- Pedernales earthquake --- Ecuador --- georisk --- probabilistic seismic hazard --- ESI scale --- ground-shaking map --- Guatemala --- Intraplate earthquake --- Australian earthquakes --- reverse earthquake --- ESI 2007 scale --- historical and recent earthquakes --- attenuation --- GMPE --- crustal model --- MMI --- intraplate region --- mass movements --- inventory map --- amalgamation --- earth observation (EO) --- spatial resolution --- in situ tests --- laboratory tests --- soil liquefaction --- cyclic triaxial tests --- Arctic–Asian seismic belt --- regional segment --- active fault --- paleoseismogenic structure --- Late Cenozoic deformation --- earthquake mechanism --- seismotectonic deformation --- potential seismicity --- earthquake hazard --- DIC --- CPO --- model selection --- Pohang earthquake --- South Korea --- ground effects --- liquefaction --- geological control --- fault barrier --- seismic hazard --- earthquake hazards --- ESI scale 2007 --- EEE database --- microtremor H/V spectral ratio --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity structure --- site amplification --- Ulaanbaatar --- earthquake environmental effects --- Suusamyr earthquake --- Kyrgyzstan --- Tien Shan --- surface rupture --- landslide --- digital elevation model (DEM) --- Structure-from-Motion --- earthquake-induced landslide --- fully probabilistic technique --- Newmark’s method --- Sakhalin Island --- risk --- machine learning --- expert estimate --- maximum possible magnitudes of earthquakes --- one class classification --- seismic zoning --- earthquake forecasting --- paleoliquefaction --- paleoearthquake --- ESI-07 scale --- earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) --- earthquake archaeological effects (EAEs) --- intensity maps --- seismic scenarios --- earthquake catalogues --- Spain --- emergency shelter --- earthquake --- disaster --- weighted coefficient --- suitability analysis --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- catalog incompleteness --- coseismic landslides --- macroseismic intensity --- Pedernales earthquake --- Ecuador --- georisk --- probabilistic seismic hazard --- ESI scale --- ground-shaking map --- Guatemala --- Intraplate earthquake --- Australian earthquakes --- reverse earthquake --- ESI 2007 scale --- historical and recent earthquakes --- attenuation --- GMPE --- crustal model --- MMI --- intraplate region --- mass movements --- inventory map --- amalgamation --- earth observation (EO) --- spatial resolution --- in situ tests --- laboratory tests --- soil liquefaction --- cyclic triaxial tests

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The devastating effects caused by the recent catastrophic earthquakes that took place all over the world from Japan, New Zealand, to Chile, as well as those occurring in the Mediterranean basin, have once again shown that ground motion, although a serious source of direct damage, is not the only parameter to be considered, with most damage being the result of coseismic geological effects that are directly connected to the earthquake source or caused by ground shaking. The primary environmental effects induced by earthquakes as well as the secondary effects (sensu Environmental Seismic Intensity - ESI 2007 scale) must be considered for a more correct and complete evaluation of seismic hazards, at both regional and local scales. This Special Issue aims to collect all contributions that, using different methodologies, integrate new data produced with multi-disciplinary and innovative methods. These methodologies are essential for the identification and characterization of seismically active areas, and for the development of new hazard models, obtained using different survey techniques. The topic attracted a lot of interest, 19 peer-reviewed articles were collected; moreover, different areas of the world have been analyzed through these methodologies: Italy, USA, Spain, Australia, Ecuador, Guatemala, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, China, Japan, and Nepal.

Research & information: general --- Arctic–Asian seismic belt --- regional segment --- active fault --- paleoseismogenic structure --- Late Cenozoic deformation --- earthquake mechanism --- seismotectonic deformation --- potential seismicity --- earthquake hazard --- DIC --- CPO --- model selection --- Pohang earthquake --- South Korea --- ground effects --- liquefaction --- geological control --- fault barrier --- seismic hazard --- earthquake hazards --- ESI scale 2007 --- EEE database --- microtremor H/V spectral ratio --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity structure --- site amplification --- Ulaanbaatar --- earthquake environmental effects --- Suusamyr earthquake --- Kyrgyzstan --- Tien Shan --- surface rupture --- landslide --- digital elevation model (DEM) --- Structure-from-Motion --- earthquake-induced landslide --- fully probabilistic technique --- Newmark’s method --- Sakhalin Island --- risk --- machine learning --- expert estimate --- maximum possible magnitudes of earthquakes --- one class classification --- seismic zoning --- earthquake forecasting --- paleoliquefaction --- paleoearthquake --- ESI-07 scale --- earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) --- earthquake archaeological effects (EAEs) --- intensity maps --- seismic scenarios --- earthquake catalogues --- Spain --- emergency shelter --- earthquake --- disaster --- weighted coefficient --- suitability analysis --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- catalog incompleteness --- coseismic landslides --- macroseismic intensity --- Pedernales earthquake --- Ecuador --- georisk --- probabilistic seismic hazard --- ESI scale --- ground-shaking map --- Guatemala --- Intraplate earthquake --- Australian earthquakes --- reverse earthquake --- ESI 2007 scale --- historical and recent earthquakes --- attenuation --- GMPE --- crustal model --- MMI --- intraplate region --- mass movements --- inventory map --- amalgamation --- earth observation (EO) --- spatial resolution --- in situ tests --- laboratory tests --- soil liquefaction --- cyclic triaxial tests

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The devastating effects caused by the recent catastrophic earthquakes that took place all over the world from Japan, New Zealand, to Chile, as well as those occurring in the Mediterranean basin, have once again shown that ground motion, although a serious source of direct damage, is not the only parameter to be considered, with most damage being the result of coseismic geological effects that are directly connected to the earthquake source or caused by ground shaking. The primary environmental effects induced by earthquakes as well as the secondary effects (sensu Environmental Seismic Intensity - ESI 2007 scale) must be considered for a more correct and complete evaluation of seismic hazards, at both regional and local scales. This Special Issue aims to collect all contributions that, using different methodologies, integrate new data produced with multi-disciplinary and innovative methods. These methodologies are essential for the identification and characterization of seismically active areas, and for the development of new hazard models, obtained using different survey techniques. The topic attracted a lot of interest, 19 peer-reviewed articles were collected; moreover, different areas of the world have been analyzed through these methodologies: Italy, USA, Spain, Australia, Ecuador, Guatemala, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, China, Japan, and Nepal.

Arctic–Asian seismic belt --- regional segment --- active fault --- paleoseismogenic structure --- Late Cenozoic deformation --- earthquake mechanism --- seismotectonic deformation --- potential seismicity --- earthquake hazard --- DIC --- CPO --- model selection --- Pohang earthquake --- South Korea --- ground effects --- liquefaction --- geological control --- fault barrier --- seismic hazard --- earthquake hazards --- ESI scale 2007 --- EEE database --- microtremor H/V spectral ratio --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity structure --- site amplification --- Ulaanbaatar --- earthquake environmental effects --- Suusamyr earthquake --- Kyrgyzstan --- Tien Shan --- surface rupture --- landslide --- digital elevation model (DEM) --- Structure-from-Motion --- earthquake-induced landslide --- fully probabilistic technique --- Newmark’s method --- Sakhalin Island --- risk --- machine learning --- expert estimate --- maximum possible magnitudes of earthquakes --- one class classification --- seismic zoning --- earthquake forecasting --- paleoliquefaction --- paleoearthquake --- ESI-07 scale --- earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) --- earthquake archaeological effects (EAEs) --- intensity maps --- seismic scenarios --- earthquake catalogues --- Spain --- emergency shelter --- earthquake --- disaster --- weighted coefficient --- suitability analysis --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- catalog incompleteness --- coseismic landslides --- macroseismic intensity --- Pedernales earthquake --- Ecuador --- georisk --- probabilistic seismic hazard --- ESI scale --- ground-shaking map --- Guatemala --- Intraplate earthquake --- Australian earthquakes --- reverse earthquake --- ESI 2007 scale --- historical and recent earthquakes --- attenuation --- GMPE --- crustal model --- MMI --- intraplate region --- mass movements --- inventory map --- amalgamation --- earth observation (EO) --- spatial resolution --- in situ tests --- laboratory tests --- soil liquefaction --- cyclic triaxial tests

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This book was proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of testing of materials and elements in civil engineering. For this reason, the articles highlighted in this editorial relate to different aspects of testing of different materials and elements in civil engineering, from building materials to building structures. The current trend in the development of testing of materials and elements in civil engineering is mainly concerned with the detection of flaws and defects in concrete elements and structures, and acoustic methods predominate in this field. As in medicine, the trend is towards designing test equipment that allows one to obtain a picture of the inside of the tested element and materials. Interesting results with significance for building practices were obtained.

Technology. --- rock bolt --- grouting quality --- dynamic response --- natural frequency --- finite element method --- monitoring --- historical masonry wall --- hygrothermal processes --- internal insulation --- testing of building materials --- test uncertainty --- validation of test methods --- sustainable test methods --- recycling --- foamed asphalt mixtures with cement (FAC) --- base layer --- reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) --- fatigue durability --- GFRP --- FRP reinforcement --- shear --- capacity --- reinforced concrete beams --- column --- stiffness --- FRCM --- PBO mesh --- PBO–FRCM --- carpentry joints --- scarf and splice joints --- stop-splayed scarf joints (‘bolt of lightning’) --- static behaviour --- experimental research --- concrete --- non-destructive testing --- ultrasounds --- ultrasonic tomography --- acoustic methods --- defects --- diagnostic --- detection --- convolutional neural networks --- transfer learning --- monitoring FBG --- power transmission tower --- civil engineering --- X-ray microtomography --- microstructure characteristics --- infiltration damage --- high-strength concrete --- steel fibres --- flexural tensile strength --- fracture energy --- numerical analysis --- concrete floors --- compressive strength --- strength distribution --- industrial floors --- ultrasound tests --- ventilated facades --- large-scale facade model --- fire safety --- fiber cement board --- large-slab ceramic tile --- plasterboards --- moisture content --- hydration processes --- mechanical properties --- ultrasound measurements --- ESD resin --- expansion joint --- quasi-plastic material --- energy absorption --- asphalt mix --- compaction index --- volumetric parameters --- stiffness modulus --- moisture resistance --- roughness --- texture --- close-range photogrammetry --- bond strength --- random field generation --- semivariograms --- hybrid truss bridge --- steel–concrete connection joint --- mechanical behavior --- failure mode --- strain --- static test --- static elastic modulus --- dynamic elastic modulus --- machine learning --- P-wave --- S-wave --- resonance frequency test --- nondestructive method --- Al–Ti laminate --- fracture --- acoustic emission diagnostic --- pattern recognition --- clustering AE signal --- storage systems --- tab connector --- flexural test --- capable design moment --- restrained ring test --- autogenous shrinkage cracking --- concrete cracking test --- concrete shrinkage cracking test --- restrined ring calibration --- cement–fiber boards --- acoustic emission method --- k-means algorithm --- wavelet analysis --- fiber composites --- ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- HMA dielectric constant --- road pavement thickness estimation --- early age concrete --- damage processes detection before loading --- strength of structures --- aggregate --- classification --- wire mesh --- roundness --- tilting angle --- opening size --- concrete centrifugation --- morphology --- image processing --- porosity --- cement --- waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) --- controlled low-strength material (CLSM) --- unconfined compressive strength --- bearing capacity --- backfill material --- P-wave velocity --- amplitude attenuation --- resistivity --- CT scan --- sandstone --- damage variable --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- spin-lattice relaxometry --- proton --- hydration kinetics --- superplasticizer --- ready-mixed concrete --- construction material --- quality assessment --- conformity criteria --- statistical-fuzzy method --- FRTP --- rivet --- connection --- polyethylene pipe --- mechanical properties of polyethylene --- resistance strain --- computer simulation --- residual shear stress --- particle crushing --- ring shear test --- particle flow code (PFC2D) --- frictional work --- fibre-reinforced concrete --- recycled steel fibres --- micro-computed tomography --- scanning electron microscopy --- tensile strength --- reinforced concrete --- diagnostic testing --- corrosion --- carbonation --- galvanostatic pulse method --- phase composition analysis --- X-ray analysis --- thermal analysis --- quasi-brittle cement composites --- low-module polypropylene fibres --- elastic range --- digital image correlation --- Arcan shear test --- wood --- orthotropic shear modulus --- elastic-plastic material --- shear wave velocity --- sand --- bender elements test --- grain-size characteristics --- complex modulus --- shrinkage analysis --- reclaimed asphalt --- mineral–cement emulsion mixtures --- cement dusty by-products (UCPPs) --- degradation of glass panels --- effective area ratio --- relative mass loss --- visible light transmittance --- windblown sand --- wood-plastic composites --- methods of testing resistance to fungi --- methods of assessment --- ground-penetrating radar (GPR) --- non-destructive techniques (NDT) --- corrosion of reinforcement --- slip resistance --- granite floor --- slip resistance value --- ramp test --- acceptance angle --- sliding friction coefficient --- comparability of test methods --- wall temperature --- fibre bragg grating sensors --- freeze-thaw cycles --- signal analysis --- short-time Fourier transform --- fast Fourier transform --- brine --- sodium chloride --- X-ray --- partition walls --- brick walls --- bending strength --- cracking --- post-tension --- cable --- girder --- destructive test --- non-destructive test --- structural health monitoring --- safety --- monitoring fibre Bragg grating --- mining areas --- strain/stress distribution --- geopolymer concrete --- fly-ash --- bottom-ash --- neural network --- sustainability --- industrial waste management --- flexural strength --- cladding --- AE acoustic emission --- micro-events --- sound spectrum --- traditional and quasi-brittle cement composites --- residual-state creep --- saturation front --- landslides --- erosional stability --- laboratory testing --- grout mixtures --- groundwater --- test apparatus --- testing --- building materials --- elements