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A new literature on the nature of and policies for youth in Latin America is emerging, but there is still very little known about who are the most vulnerable young people. This paper aims to characterize the heterogeneity in the youth population and identify ex ante the youth that are at-risk and should be targeted with prevention programs. Using non-parametric methodologies and specialized youth surveys from Mexico and Chile, the authors quantify and characterize the different sub-groups of youth, according to the amount of risk in their lives, and find that approximately 20 percent of 18 to 24 year old Chileans and 40 percent of the same age cohort in Mexico are suffering the consequences of a range of negative behaviors. Another 8 to 20 percent demonstrate factors in their lives that pre-dispose them to becoming at-risk youth - they are the candidates for prevention programs. The analysis finds two observable variables that can be used to identify which children have a higher probability of becoming troubled youth: poverty and residing in rural areas. The analysis also finds that risky behaviors increase with age and differ by gender, thereby highlighting the need for program and policy differentiation along these two demographic dimensions.

Adolescent Health --- Alcohol --- Alcohol use --- Childhoods --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Marijuana use --- Risk taking --- Sexual activity --- Smoking --- Vulnerable young people --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth development

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Sexology --- Sexology. --- Sexual Behavior. --- Research --- Research. --- Sex --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Reproductive Behavior

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The legal definition of child pornography is, at best, unclear. In part because of this ambiguity and in part because of the nature of the crime itself, the prosecution and sentencing of perpetrators, the protection of and restitution for victims, and the means for preventing repeat offenses are deeply controversial. In an effort to clarify the questions and begin to formulate answers, in this volume, experts in law, sociology, and social examine child pornography law and its consequences. Focusing on the roles of language and crime definition, the contributors present a range of views about the increasingly visible role that child pornography plays in the national conversation on child safety, as well as the wisdom of the punishment of those who produce, distribute, and possess materials which may be considered child pornography.

Child abuse --- Child pornography --- Law and legislation --- Criminal Law & Procedure - U.S. --- Law - U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Chicken porn --- Children in pornography --- Kiddie porn --- Pornography --- Erotica --- legislation & jurisprudence. --- Anthropology --- Child sexual abuse --- Defendant --- First Amendment to the United States Constitution --- Human sexual activity --- United States

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Recent evidence suggests that conditional cash transfer programs for schooling are effective in raising school enrollment and attendance. However, there is also reason to believe that such programs can affect other outcomes, such as the sexual behavior of their young beneficiaries. Zomba Cash Transfer Program is a randomized, ongoing conditional cash transfer intervention targeting young women in Malawi that provides incentives (in the form of school fees and cash transfers) to current schoolgirls and recent dropouts to stay in or return to school. An average offer of USD 10/month conditional on satisfactory school attendance - plus direct payment of secondary school fees - led to significant declines in early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and self-reported sexual activity among program beneficiaries after just one year of program implementation. For program beneficiaries who were out of school at baseline, the probability of getting married and becoming pregnant declined by more than 40 percent and 30 percent, respectively. In addition, the incidence of the onset of sexual activity was 38 percent lower among all program beneficiaries than the control group. Overall, these results suggest that conditional cash transfer programs not only serve as useful tools for improving school attendance, but may also reduce sexual activity, teen pregnancy, and early marriage.

Adolescent Health --- Developing countries --- Dissemination --- Early marriage --- Education --- Education for All --- Fertility --- Global Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV infection --- Labor market --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- School attendance --- Secondary school --- Sexual activity --- Sexual Behavior --- Teen --- Teen pregnancy --- Teenage pregnancy --- Young people --- Young Women

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"The 1949 Communist Revolution marked a period of earthshaking change in China. Political, economic, ideological, and cultural movements set into motion came to galvanize the country, culminating in dramatic social transformations at all levels but also in the persecution of hundreds of thousands of the country's citizens. Based on normally inaccessible records of confessions, interrogations, trial transcripts, and depositions, Eight Outcasts tells the stories of eight victims of the Maoist dictatorship. It introduces readers to individuals accused of infractions such as corruption, political wrong thoughts, homosexuality, illicit sexual activity, foreign ties, or "historical problems" (connections to the former Kuomintang regime) in the period between the revolution and Mao's death in 1976. Each chapter brings stories of China's voiceless citizens to light, broadening our knowledge of this important transitional period"--Provided by publisher.

China --- History --- abuse of power. --- china. --- chinese history. --- citizens. --- communism. --- communist revolution. --- confessions. --- corruption. --- cultural revolution. --- dictator. --- free speech. --- government control. --- government. --- history. --- homosexuality. --- human rights. --- illicit sexual activity. --- imprisonment. --- interrogations. --- kuomintang regime. --- mao. --- military. --- politcal activism. --- political prisoners. --- political repression. --- political wrong thinking. --- politics. --- protest. --- rebellion. --- reeducation camps. --- resistance. --- revolution. --- social change. --- suppression. --- trial transcripts. --- violence. --- Cultural Revolution (China : 1966-1976)