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Many things have been said and written on the skeletal and non-skeletal effects of vitamin D, but the largest recent interventional studies are generally negative. How should we thus position ourselves in 2020? Should we say “stop” or “not yet”? Indeed, the aging of the population, as well as new challenges and discoveries, is still triggering interest in this old molecule. In this Special Edition of Nutrients, we invited top experts to give their opinion on this important debate. We also encouraged scientists to submit their latest research on nutritional requirements in the general population and in high-risk groups, as well as treatment strategies, epidemiology, analytical updates and new devices for vitamin D measurement and the effect of vitamin D on bone and extra-skeletal health. As readers will see, this Special Issue reinforces the high prevalence of vitamin deficiency and insufficiency in the general population and supports the safety of this low-cost molecule, revealing new perspectives regarding the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- vitamin D --- obesity --- weight–loss --- body composition --- 25(OH)vitamin D --- biomarkers --- dietary survey --- public health --- EU Menu --- Slovenia --- Europe --- ageing --- older persons --- sensible sun exposure --- cutaneous synthesis --- vitamin D3 --- natural sunlight --- serum 25(OH)D --- autoimmune hepatitis --- primary biliary cholangitis --- health-related quality of life --- mental well-being --- breastmilk --- infant --- mother --- plasma --- vitamin D metabolites --- 3-Epi25(OH)D3 --- 25-hvdroxyvitamin --- vitamin D treatment --- idiopathic hypercalciuria --- urolithiasis --- children --- bone density --- head and neck cancer --- racial disparities --- chemoprevention --- UVB --- microRNA --- proteomic profiling --- vitamin D status --- disability --- very old adults --- vulvovaginal atrophy --- VVA --- vaginal maturation index --- VMI --- vaginal health --- ergocalciferol --- vitamin D supplement --- sunlight exposure --- barriers --- indoor workers --- female --- focus group discussion --- n/a --- weight-loss

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The practice of regular physical activity has been proposed as a determinant in many disciplines, from wellness to physiotherapy; in fact, it reduces the risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Moreover, physical exercise decreases the incidence of some types of cancer, such as breast and colon cancer. Finally, rehabilitation protocols need correct exercise training to reach the complete “return to play” of patients. Unfortunately, the mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of physical activity are still under study. Therefore, advances in all aspects of sport and exercise medicine will be relevant for physicians, recreational sport practitioners and elite athletes. This was the aim of this Special Issue, “New trends in sport and exercise medicine”, which achieved great success. Sixteen papers have been published, which are briefly described below. They range from mobile applications in physiotherapy to changes in bioactive lipids in half-marathoners. However, sport and exercise medicine are broad subjects and require more papers to clarify their different aspects. Therefore, we proposed a new Special Issue to continue on this path and gain new insights into sport and exercise medicine.

Medicine --- rehabilitation --- compliance --- anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) --- range of motion (ROM) --- self-efficacy --- behavioral design --- gamification --- microparticles --- microvesicles --- extracellular vesicles --- molecular markers --- cell-cell communication --- physical exercise --- physical activity --- angiogenesis --- secretome --- paracrine signaling --- cellular crosstalk --- ginseng --- performance --- recovery --- eccentric exercise --- inflammation --- allometry --- standing broad jump --- children --- growth --- maturity offset --- bench pull --- vertical jump --- power --- talent detection --- training --- insertional Achilles tendinopathy --- Achilles tendon moment arm --- suture bridge method --- cool-down strategy --- heart rate --- fatigue perception --- muscle strain --- quadriceps --- football --- invasive physiotherapy --- post-injury performance --- reinjury --- return to play --- autonomic nervous system --- cardiac autonomic regulation --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- daily training --- endurance --- secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc) --- exercise --- muscle performance --- metabolic phenotype --- lactate --- ageing --- high-impact weight-bearing exercise --- bone mineral density --- bone metabolic markers --- serum 25-(OH) D --- middle-aged premenopausal women --- ROS --- signal transduction --- aging --- air pollution --- lungs --- skeletal muscle mass --- muscular strength --- anaerobic power --- arterial stiffness --- cholinesterases --- heart rate variability --- autonomic recovery mechanisms --- sympathetic-parasympathetic modulation --- postexercise recovery --- ceramides --- cytokines --- diacylglycerol --- biomarkers --- rehabilitation --- compliance --- anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) --- range of motion (ROM) --- self-efficacy --- behavioral design --- gamification --- microparticles --- microvesicles --- extracellular vesicles --- molecular markers --- cell-cell communication --- physical exercise --- physical activity --- angiogenesis --- secretome --- paracrine signaling --- cellular crosstalk --- ginseng --- performance --- recovery --- eccentric exercise --- inflammation --- allometry --- standing broad jump --- children --- growth --- maturity offset --- bench pull --- vertical jump --- power --- talent detection --- training --- insertional Achilles tendinopathy --- Achilles tendon moment arm --- suture bridge method --- cool-down strategy --- heart rate --- fatigue perception --- muscle strain --- quadriceps --- football --- invasive physiotherapy --- post-injury performance --- reinjury --- return to play --- autonomic nervous system --- cardiac autonomic regulation --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- daily training --- endurance --- secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc) --- exercise --- muscle performance --- metabolic phenotype --- lactate --- ageing --- high-impact weight-bearing exercise --- bone mineral density --- bone metabolic markers --- serum 25-(OH) D --- middle-aged premenopausal women --- ROS --- signal transduction --- aging --- air pollution --- lungs --- skeletal muscle mass --- muscular strength --- anaerobic power --- arterial stiffness --- cholinesterases --- heart rate variability --- autonomic recovery mechanisms --- sympathetic-parasympathetic modulation --- postexercise recovery --- ceramides --- cytokines --- diacylglycerol --- biomarkers

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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The practice of regular physical activity has been proposed as a determinant in many disciplines, from wellness to physiotherapy; in fact, it reduces the risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Moreover, physical exercise decreases the incidence of some types of cancer, such as breast and colon cancer. Finally, rehabilitation protocols need correct exercise training to reach the complete “return to play” of patients. Unfortunately, the mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of physical activity are still under study. Therefore, advances in all aspects of sport and exercise medicine will be relevant for physicians, recreational sport practitioners and elite athletes. This was the aim of this Special Issue, “New trends in sport and exercise medicine”, which achieved great success. Sixteen papers have been published, which are briefly described below. They range from mobile applications in physiotherapy to changes in bioactive lipids in half-marathoners. However, sport and exercise medicine are broad subjects and require more papers to clarify their different aspects. Therefore, we proposed a new Special Issue to continue on this path and gain new insights into sport and exercise medicine.

rehabilitation --- compliance --- anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) --- range of motion (ROM) --- self-efficacy --- behavioral design --- gamification --- microparticles --- microvesicles --- extracellular vesicles --- molecular markers --- cell–cell communication --- physical exercise --- physical activity --- angiogenesis --- secretome --- paracrine signaling --- cellular crosstalk --- ginseng --- performance --- recovery --- eccentric exercise --- inflammation --- allometry --- standing broad jump --- children --- growth --- maturity offset --- bench pull --- vertical jump --- power --- talent detection --- training --- insertional Achilles tendinopathy --- Achilles tendon moment arm --- suture bridge method --- cool-down strategy --- heart rate --- fatigue perception --- muscle strain --- quadriceps --- football --- invasive physiotherapy --- post-injury performance --- reinjury --- return to play --- autonomic nervous system --- cardiac autonomic regulation --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- daily training --- endurance --- secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc) --- exercise --- muscle performance --- metabolic phenotype --- lactate --- ageing --- high-impact weight-bearing exercise --- bone mineral density --- bone metabolic markers --- serum 25-(OH) D --- middle-aged premenopausal women --- ROS --- signal transduction --- aging --- air pollution --- lungs --- skeletal muscle mass --- muscular strength --- anaerobic power --- arterial stiffness --- cholinesterases --- heart rate variability --- autonomic recovery mechanisms --- sympathetic–parasympathetic modulation --- postexercise recovery --- ceramides --- cytokines --- diacylglycerol --- biomarkers --- n/a --- cell-cell communication --- sympathetic-parasympathetic modulation