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Electrical and electro-optical biosensing technologies are critical to the development of innovative POCT devices, which can be used by both professional and untrained personnel for the provision of necessary health information within a short time for medical decisions to be determined, being especially important in an era of global pandemics. This Special Issue includes a few pioneering works concerning biosensors utilizing electrochemical impedance, localized surface plasmon resonance, and the bioelectricity of sensing materials in which the amount of analyte is pertinent to the signal response. The presented results demonstrate the potential of these label-free biosensing approaches in the detection of disease-related small-molecule metabolites, proteins, and whole-cell entities.

printed circuit board --- sensor electrode --- electrochemical sensor --- printed biosensors --- printing technologies --- electrochemistry --- point-of-care --- ovarian cancer --- nanowire biosensor --- nanowire --- silicon-on-insulator --- CA 125 --- antibodies --- liquid crystal --- photopolymer --- UV exposure --- bovine serum albumin --- protein assay --- dielectric spectroscopy --- lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal --- label-free biosensor --- optical biosensor --- immunoassay --- transmission spectrometry --- spoof localized surface plasmon polariton --- sensor --- glucose solution --- millimeter wave --- metamaterial --- spin-coating --- single-substrate --- cancer biomarker CA125 --- dengue virus --- dengue serotype --- mosquito-borne viral disease --- virus detection --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- cancer cells --- dielectrophoresis --- crossover frequency --- electrical impedance spectroscopy --- n/a

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Electrical and electro-optical biosensing technologies are critical to the development of innovative POCT devices, which can be used by both professional and untrained personnel for the provision of necessary health information within a short time for medical decisions to be determined, being especially important in an era of global pandemics. This Special Issue includes a few pioneering works concerning biosensors utilizing electrochemical impedance, localized surface plasmon resonance, and the bioelectricity of sensing materials in which the amount of analyte is pertinent to the signal response. The presented results demonstrate the potential of these label-free biosensing approaches in the detection of disease-related small-molecule metabolites, proteins, and whole-cell entities.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Biochemistry --- printed circuit board --- sensor electrode --- electrochemical sensor --- printed biosensors --- printing technologies --- electrochemistry --- point-of-care --- ovarian cancer --- nanowire biosensor --- nanowire --- silicon-on-insulator --- CA 125 --- antibodies --- liquid crystal --- photopolymer --- UV exposure --- bovine serum albumin --- protein assay --- dielectric spectroscopy --- lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal --- label-free biosensor --- optical biosensor --- immunoassay --- transmission spectrometry --- spoof localized surface plasmon polariton --- sensor --- glucose solution --- millimeter wave --- metamaterial --- spin-coating --- single-substrate --- cancer biomarker CA125 --- dengue virus --- dengue serotype --- mosquito-borne viral disease --- virus detection --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- cancer cells --- dielectrophoresis --- crossover frequency --- electrical impedance spectroscopy --- printed circuit board --- sensor electrode --- electrochemical sensor --- printed biosensors --- printing technologies --- electrochemistry --- point-of-care --- ovarian cancer --- nanowire biosensor --- nanowire --- silicon-on-insulator --- CA 125 --- antibodies --- liquid crystal --- photopolymer --- UV exposure --- bovine serum albumin --- protein assay --- dielectric spectroscopy --- lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal --- label-free biosensor --- optical biosensor --- immunoassay --- transmission spectrometry --- spoof localized surface plasmon polariton --- sensor --- glucose solution --- millimeter wave --- metamaterial --- spin-coating --- single-substrate --- cancer biomarker CA125 --- dengue virus --- dengue serotype --- mosquito-borne viral disease --- virus detection --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- cancer cells --- dielectrophoresis --- crossover frequency --- electrical impedance spectroscopy

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This timely collection of expert papers draws attention to the global burden of meningitis and the challenges faced by the WHO’s roadmap to defeat meningitis by 2030. The three main goals of the meningitis roadmap are to eliminate epidemics of bacterial meningitis, reduce cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis, and reduce disability and improve quality of life after meningitis of any cause. This book includes a wide range of original research and reviews on epidemiology and vaccination of bacterial meningitis that have direct relevance to advancing the goals of the roadmap.

meningitis --- child mortality --- neonatal sepsis --- global health --- global health estimates --- modelling --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- Haemophilus influenzae --- Neisseria meningitidis --- bacterial meningitis --- S. pneumoniae --- N. meningitidis --- H. influenzae --- S. agalactiae --- conjugate vaccines --- post-vaccine surveillance --- vaccine --- Africa --- mathematical modelling --- susceptibility --- invasive bacterial infections --- complement --- genetic factors --- Streptococcus agalactiae --- group B streptococci --- capsule --- meningococcal group --- nongroupable --- meningococcal carriage --- invasive meningococcal disease --- meningococcal urethritis --- neonatal infections --- epidemiology --- antibiotic resistance --- etiologic diagnosis --- enterovirus --- group B Streptococcus --- neurological sequelae --- hearing loss --- seizure --- epilepsy --- hydrocephalus --- focal neurological deficit --- corticosteroid --- dexamethasone --- invasive pneumococcal disease --- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines --- serotypes --- vaccine impact --- pneumococcal meningitis --- serotype distribution --- PCV impact --- global --- meta-analysis --- surveillance --- meningococcus --- pneumococcus --- Hib --- group B streptococcus --- conjugate vaccine --- rapid diagnostic test --- national reference laboratory --- cerebrospinal fluid --- Niger --- Burkina Faso --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- TBM --- children --- impact of Hib conjugate vaccine --- Hia --- NTHi --- burden --- social and economic costs --- WHO meningitis roadmap --- disability --- n/a

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This book collects 25 scientific articles from laboratories around the world, all of which use botulinum neurotoxins as the main protagonists of their studies. The use of botulinum neurotoxin in medicine, following its ability to inhibit the effects of various disorders of different etiology on the human organism, constitutes the main topic of each article presented here. This book, which is aimed at both students and medical professionals, attempts to summarize current knowledge about the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent in many diseases, ranging from spasticity to tremor, form motor dysfunction after stroke to neuropathic pain, from hyperactive muscle to migraine, and so on. Thanks to its simplified writing, accessible to an audience who may not be familiar with the mysteries of science, readers will get new insights into this biological toxin and its multiple applications, not simply relegated to its historical use to correct of face wrinkles. Both review and research articles are presented, not only concerning animal studies, but also clinical reports. This book will provide an up-to-date picture of the state-of-the-art of the possible development of novel applications of botulinum neurotoxins for future therapeutic purposes.

Medicine --- botulinum toxin --- limb tremors --- muscle selection --- biological effect --- various cell types --- neurotransmitter --- dermatology --- novel indication --- botulinum neurotoxin --- masticatory system --- maxillofacial bone --- dental occlusion --- orthognathic surgery --- sialorrhoea --- drooling --- salivary glands --- swallowing --- eccrine glands --- onabotulinumtoxin A --- incobotulinumtoxin A --- botulinum neurotoxins --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype A --- heavy chain --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype a heavy chain (BoNT/A HC) --- spinal cord injury (SCI) --- nerve regeneration --- growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) --- superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) --- neuronal processes --- neural regeneration --- Schwann cells --- glia --- spinal cord --- immunohistochemistry --- allodynia --- weight bearing --- sciatic static index --- walking track analysis --- itch --- SNARE --- VAMP --- mast cells --- compound 48/80 --- chloroquine --- spasticity --- botulinum toxin type A --- appropriate treatment --- Therapeutic Index --- pruritus --- antipruritic --- clinical --- experimental --- BoNT/A --- astroglia --- interleukins --- microglia --- TLR2 --- TLR4 --- Snap-23 --- pain --- cerebral palsy --- botulinum toxin A --- complex regional pain syndrome --- lumbar sympathetic ganglion block --- chronic pelvic pain --- overactive detrusor --- vaginism --- temporomandibular joint dislocation --- lateral pterygoid muscle --- botulinum toxin therapy --- synaptic transmission --- SNAP-25 --- epilepsy --- Parkinson's disease --- neurotransmission blockade --- electrical activity --- prion disease --- new indications --- formulation --- delivery --- refractory chronic migraine --- tension headache --- medication overuse headache --- prophylactic treatment --- XEOMIN® --- BTX --- central neuropathic pain --- spinal cord injury --- post-stroke shoulder pain --- mouse test --- Clostridium tetani --- botulinum antitoxin --- food safety --- abobotulinumtoxinA --- upper limb spasticity --- post-stroke --- early use --- ONTIME --- clinical trial --- human --- urodynamics --- botulinum neurotoxin-A --- basal ganglia --- interspecies differences in motor behavior --- mouse --- rat --- interneurons --- hand tremor --- treatment --- electromyography --- kinematics --- essential tremor --- dystonic tremor --- tremor --- movement disorders --- Botulinum toxin --- upper limb biomechanics --- joint biomechanics --- diagnostic guidance --- clinical decision support --- spastic paresis --- electrical stimulation --- stroke management --- rehabilitation --- hand --- botulinum toxin --- limb tremors --- muscle selection --- biological effect --- various cell types --- neurotransmitter --- dermatology --- novel indication --- botulinum neurotoxin --- masticatory system --- maxillofacial bone --- dental occlusion --- orthognathic surgery --- sialorrhoea --- drooling --- salivary glands --- swallowing --- eccrine glands --- onabotulinumtoxin A --- incobotulinumtoxin A --- botulinum neurotoxins --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype A --- heavy chain --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype a heavy chain (BoNT/A HC) --- spinal cord injury (SCI) --- nerve regeneration --- growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) --- superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) --- neuronal processes --- neural regeneration --- Schwann cells --- glia --- spinal cord --- immunohistochemistry --- allodynia --- weight bearing --- sciatic static index --- walking track analysis --- itch --- SNARE --- VAMP --- mast cells --- compound 48/80 --- chloroquine --- spasticity --- botulinum toxin type A --- appropriate treatment --- Therapeutic Index --- pruritus --- antipruritic --- clinical --- experimental --- BoNT/A --- astroglia --- interleukins --- microglia --- TLR2 --- TLR4 --- Snap-23 --- pain --- cerebral palsy --- botulinum toxin A --- complex regional pain syndrome --- lumbar sympathetic ganglion block --- chronic pelvic pain --- overactive detrusor --- vaginism --- temporomandibular joint dislocation --- lateral pterygoid muscle --- botulinum toxin therapy --- synaptic transmission --- SNAP-25 --- epilepsy --- Parkinson's disease --- neurotransmission blockade --- electrical activity --- prion disease --- new indications --- formulation --- delivery --- refractory chronic migraine --- tension headache --- medication overuse headache --- prophylactic treatment --- XEOMIN® --- BTX --- central neuropathic pain --- spinal cord injury --- post-stroke shoulder pain --- mouse test --- Clostridium tetani --- botulinum antitoxin --- food safety --- abobotulinumtoxinA --- upper limb spasticity --- post-stroke --- early use --- ONTIME --- clinical trial --- human --- urodynamics --- botulinum neurotoxin-A --- basal ganglia --- interspecies differences in motor behavior --- mouse --- rat --- interneurons --- hand tremor --- treatment --- electromyography --- kinematics --- essential tremor --- dystonic tremor --- tremor --- movement disorders --- Botulinum toxin --- upper limb biomechanics --- joint biomechanics --- diagnostic guidance --- clinical decision support --- spastic paresis --- electrical stimulation --- stroke management --- rehabilitation --- hand

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This timely collection of expert papers draws attention to the global burden of meningitis and the challenges faced by the WHO’s roadmap to defeat meningitis by 2030. The three main goals of the meningitis roadmap are to eliminate epidemics of bacterial meningitis, reduce cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis, and reduce disability and improve quality of life after meningitis of any cause. This book includes a wide range of original research and reviews on epidemiology and vaccination of bacterial meningitis that have direct relevance to advancing the goals of the roadmap.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- meningitis --- child mortality --- neonatal sepsis --- global health --- global health estimates --- modelling --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- Haemophilus influenzae --- Neisseria meningitidis --- bacterial meningitis --- S. pneumoniae --- N. meningitidis --- H. influenzae --- S. agalactiae --- conjugate vaccines --- post-vaccine surveillance --- vaccine --- Africa --- mathematical modelling --- susceptibility --- invasive bacterial infections --- complement --- genetic factors --- Streptococcus agalactiae --- group B streptococci --- capsule --- meningococcal group --- nongroupable --- meningococcal carriage --- invasive meningococcal disease --- meningococcal urethritis --- neonatal infections --- epidemiology --- antibiotic resistance --- etiologic diagnosis --- enterovirus --- group B Streptococcus --- neurological sequelae --- hearing loss --- seizure --- epilepsy --- hydrocephalus --- focal neurological deficit --- corticosteroid --- dexamethasone --- invasive pneumococcal disease --- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines --- serotypes --- vaccine impact --- pneumococcal meningitis --- serotype distribution --- PCV impact --- global --- meta-analysis --- surveillance --- meningococcus --- pneumococcus --- Hib --- group B streptococcus --- conjugate vaccine --- rapid diagnostic test --- national reference laboratory --- cerebrospinal fluid --- Niger --- Burkina Faso --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- TBM --- children --- impact of Hib conjugate vaccine --- Hia --- NTHi --- burden --- social and economic costs --- WHO meningitis roadmap --- disability --- meningitis --- child mortality --- neonatal sepsis --- global health --- global health estimates --- modelling --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- Haemophilus influenzae --- Neisseria meningitidis --- bacterial meningitis --- S. pneumoniae --- N. meningitidis --- H. influenzae --- S. agalactiae --- conjugate vaccines --- post-vaccine surveillance --- vaccine --- Africa --- mathematical modelling --- susceptibility --- invasive bacterial infections --- complement --- genetic factors --- Streptococcus agalactiae --- group B streptococci --- capsule --- meningococcal group --- nongroupable --- meningococcal carriage --- invasive meningococcal disease --- meningococcal urethritis --- neonatal infections --- epidemiology --- antibiotic resistance --- etiologic diagnosis --- enterovirus --- group B Streptococcus --- neurological sequelae --- hearing loss --- seizure --- epilepsy --- hydrocephalus --- focal neurological deficit --- corticosteroid --- dexamethasone --- invasive pneumococcal disease --- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines --- serotypes --- vaccine impact --- pneumococcal meningitis --- serotype distribution --- PCV impact --- global --- meta-analysis --- surveillance --- meningococcus --- pneumococcus --- Hib --- group B streptococcus --- conjugate vaccine --- rapid diagnostic test --- national reference laboratory --- cerebrospinal fluid --- Niger --- Burkina Faso --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- TBM --- children --- impact of Hib conjugate vaccine --- Hia --- NTHi --- burden --- social and economic costs --- WHO meningitis roadmap --- disability