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This book examines the role that numbers and reflection on mathematical subjects and truths has played and continues to play in philosophy as a whole. The evolution of the concept of number from natural numbers to real and the transfinite numbers of set theory is developed as a prototype of various Wittgensteinian "language games." Warum schon bei Platon die Zahlen und ihr gutes Verständnis einen speziellen Platz in der philosophischen Bildung einnehmen, ist zunächst ein Rätsel. Eine Aufhebung der zukunftsweisenden Leistungen der Pythagoräer besonders in der Harmonielehre gegenüber mystifizierendem Verständnis eines Pythagoräismus ist daher nach wie vor interessant, auch noch im Blick auf Freges ‚drittes Reich‘ abstrakter Gegenstände oder Cantors Mengenlehre. Zahlen sind von philosophischem Interesse durch ihr enges Verhältnis zu den Formen von Rationalität und Sprache – und wegen der Möglichkeit, Aussagen nicht bloß über Zahlen selbst, sondern auch über andere Verhältnisse durch Zahlen zu kodieren und dadurch zum Thema zu machen. Auf einfach nachvollziehbare Weise wird außerdem die Verschränkung von mathematischem Fortschritt, von Problemen und ihren Aufhebungen vorgeführt oder skizziert, etwa die Entdeckung inkommensurabler Größenverhältnisse und das Rechnen mit infinitesimalen Größen, Cantors Stufen des Unendlichen, Brouwers Intuitionismus, Gödels Unvollständigkeitsätze, u.a.m. Die Philosophie der Mathematik wird zum Lehrstück logischer Selbstreflexion überhaupt.

Mathematics --- Number theory --- Numeration --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Word games. --- philosophy of mathematics. --- self-reflection. --- the Infinite.

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The concept of nonpropositionality covers the vast field of those aspects of knowledge and experience that cannot be captured by a truth-functional approach or escape conceptual analysis. The book is confined to questions of theoretical philosophy. Its first part provides an orientation within the nonpropositional jungle by critically following a historically beaten track: the philosophy of Gottlob Frege. It not only explains the propositional focus of Frege’s epistemology, logic and philosophy of language against the historical background of psychologism but focuses on the limits of this propositional approach. The critical analysis of Frege’s logicist project centres on its foundational basis: definitions, logically primitive terms, elucidations of these terms as well as aspects of what Frege calls ‚colouring‘. The second part of the book echoes many of the central elements which mark the limits of Frege’s propositional conception by dealing with the systematically pivotal role that the concept of nonpropositionality plays in contemporary analytical philosophy, especially within epistemology and philosophy of mind. Two main areas stand out: theories of perception and the discussion of inner experience. The focus here is on non-epistemic conceptions of seeing, the non-conceptual content of experience as well as on phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness. The pivotal claim is that the nonpropositional constitutes the basis of and a necessary condition for the propositional. Any attempt to embark on an analysis of the propositional and of propositional knowledge will float in the air unless the nonpropositional grounds are systematically secured. The book aims to close this gap.

Analytical Philosophy. --- Consciousness. --- Language. --- Mentalism. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Proposition (Logic) Theory of. --- Proposition Philosophy of. --- Self-Reflection. --- Truth. --- Philosophy of mind.

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Henry Miller is a cult figure in the world of fiction, in part due to having been banned for obscenity for nearly thirty years. Alongside the liberating effect of his explicit treatment of sexuality, however, Miller developed a provocative form of writing that encourages the reader to question language as a stable communicative tool and to consider the act of writing as an ongoing mode of creation, always in motion, perpetually establishing itself and creating meaning through that very motion. Katy Masuga provides a new reading of Miller that is alert to the aggressively and self-consciously writerly form of his work. Critiquing the categorization of Miller into specific literary genres through an examination of the small body of critical texts on his oeuvre, Masuga draws on Deleuze and Guattari's concept of a minor literature, Blanchot's 'infinite curve,' and Bataille's theory of puerile language, while also considering Miller in relation to other writers, including Proust, Rilke, and William Carlos Williams. She shows how Miller defies conventional modes of writing, subverting language from within. Katy Masuga is Adjunct Professor of British and American literature, cinema, and the arts in the Cultural Studies Department at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle.

American literature --- History and criticism. --- Miller, Henry, --- Miller, Henry Valentine --- Aesthetics. --- Literary style. --- Flapdoodle, Phineas --- ミラー, ヘンリー --- Flapdoodle, Phineas, --- Miller, Genri, --- Миллер, Генри, --- Miller, Henri, --- ヘンリー・ミラー, --- Miller, Genri --- Миллер, Генри --- Miller, Henri --- LITERARY CRITICISM / American / General. --- Explicit. --- Fiction. --- Henry Miller. --- Language. --- Obscenity. --- Self-critique. --- Self-reflection. --- Sexuality. --- Writing.

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Best known as the writer who introduced French existentialism to English-speaking readers through her translation of Sartre's Being and Nothingness, Hazel E. Barnes has written an autobiography that is both the success story of a professional woman as well as a profoundly moving reflection on growing older. Transcending the personal details of her life, Barnes' memoir stands as an important contribution to the intellectual history of our century. "An intimate record of our times and of the ongoing issues that challenge us to define ourselves over and over again."-Kirkus Reviews "An engaging autobiography that spans not only [Barnes'] self-identified period of 'flourishing' but virtually all the twentieth century."-Library Journal "Thoughtful, gracefully written reflections. . . . Readers will be glad they pursued an unusual woman's intellectual and personal journey."-Booklist "An accessible, wonderfully written book packed with wisdom and insight."-Denver Post "Absorbing and satisfying."-Gertrude Reif Hughes, Women's Review of Books

College teachers --- Feminists --- Existentialism. --- Existenzphilosophie --- Ontology --- Phenomenology --- Philosophy, Modern --- Epiphanism --- Relationism --- Self --- Barnes, Hazel Estella. --- Barnes, Hazel E. --- Barnes, Hazel Estella --- United States --- Biography --- Existentialism --- existentialism, memoir, biography, autobiography, women, gender, feminism, professional woman, career, aging, freedom, revelation, translation, sartre, nonfiction, barry goldwater, letters, prison, prisoner, hoax, equality, right to die, philosophy, academia, higher education, female philosopher, professor, retirement, mortality, meaning, fulfillment, religion, psychoanalysis, self-understanding, self, reflection.

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What exactly is hope and how does it influence our decisions? In How We Hope, Adrienne Martin presents a novel account of hope, the motivational resources it presupposes, and its function in our practical lives. She contends that hoping for an outcome means treating certain feelings, plans, and imaginings as justified, and that hope thereby involves sophisticated reflective and conceptual capacities. Martin develops this original perspective on hope--what she calls the "incorporation analysis"--in contrast to the two dominant philosophical conceptions of hope: the orthodox definition, where hoping for an outcome is simply desiring it while thinking it possible, and agent-centered views, where hoping for an outcome is setting oneself to pursue it. In exploring how hope influences our decisions, she establishes that it is not always a positive motivational force and can render us complacent. She also examines the relationship between hope and faith, both religious and secular, and identifies a previously unnoted form of hope: normative or interpersonal hope. When we place normative hope in people, we relate to them as responsible agents and aspire for them to overcome challenges arising from situation or character. Demonstrating that hope merits rigorous philosophical investigation, both in its own right and in virtue of what it reveals about the nature of human emotion and motivation, How We Hope offers an original, sustained look at a largely neglected topic in philosophy.

Philosophical anthropology --- General ethics --- Hope. --- Ethics. --- Espérance --- Morale --- Espérance --- Hope --- Emotions --- Ariel Meirav. --- Luc Bovens. --- Philip Pettit. --- challenge cases. --- challenge. --- decisions. --- despair. --- disappointment. --- faith. --- good life. --- guilt. --- hope against hope. --- hope. --- hopeful activities. --- hopeful imaginations. --- human emotion. --- human motivation. --- incorporation analysis. --- indignation. --- influence. --- interaction. --- interpersonal hope. --- interpersonal relations. --- motivation. --- normative expectation. --- normative hope. --- orthodox definition. --- participant stance. --- philosophical inquiry. --- philosophy of psychology. --- practical justifications. --- rational action. --- rational choice. --- rational deliberation. --- rational hope. --- rational justification. --- reactive feelings. --- reflective human consciousness. --- religious faith. --- resentment. --- secular faith. --- self-reflection. --- subjective probability estimate. --- suicide. --- sustenance. --- syndrome analysis. --- trial. --- unimaginable outcome.