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Transcriptional regulation is a critical biological process involved in the response of a cell, a tissue or an organism to a variety of intra- and extra-cellular signals. Besides, it controls the establishment and maintenance of cell identity throughout developmental and differentiation programs. This highly complex and dynamic process is orchestrated by a huge number of molecules and protein networks and occurs through multiple temporal and functional steps. Of note, many human disorders are characterized by misregulation of global transcription since most of the signaling pathways ultimately target components of transcription machinery. This book includes a selection of papers that illustrate recent advances in our understanding of transcriptional regulation and focuses on many important topics, from cis-regulatory elements to transcription factors, chromatin regulators and non-coding RNAs, other than several transcriptome studies and computational analyses.

transcription factor --- n/a --- transcription --- self-incompatibility --- cytogenetics --- epigenetics --- selenocysteine --- tea --- AP-2? --- nonsense-mediated decay --- transcriptomics --- Akt1 --- promoter --- cell metabolism --- pediveliger larvae --- Patau Syndrome --- tristetraprolin (TTP) --- long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) --- pregnancy --- G-quadruplex --- glioblastoma --- placenta --- PRDM gene family --- circRNA-disease associations --- bioadhesive --- gene expression --- Crassostrea gigas --- transcription regulation --- cell differentiation --- RNA interference --- transcriptome --- inflammatory response --- FOXO1 --- Adiponectin --- liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) --- selenium --- selenocysteine insertion sequence --- inflammation --- selenoproteins --- research methods --- nutritional status --- structures and functions --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- fertilization --- melanin --- differentially expressed genes --- tyrosinase --- posttranscriptional regulation --- major depressive disorder --- human malignancies --- pathway --- CDKN1C --- transcription factors --- p57Kip2 --- enhancer activity --- mouse --- disorders --- high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) --- TCGA data analysis --- RNA-seq --- heterogeneous network --- insect --- and drug design --- therapeutic targets --- mechanisms --- obesity --- Pacific oyster --- Rsh regulon --- common pathway --- Pax3 --- somatic mutations --- nutrition --- molecular docking --- bioinformatics --- interactome --- long non-coding RNAs --- transcriptional regulation --- Pteria penguin (Röding --- Adiponectin receptors --- transcriptome profiling --- 1798) --- N-acyl-l-homoserine lactone --- ppGpp --- tumorigenesis --- sphingomonads --- human --- disease --- adenosine and uridine-rich elements (AREs) --- progress and prospects --- miR-25-3p --- acute leukemia --- Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1 --- microscopy --- cancer --- molecular pathways --- causal inference --- Pteria penguin (Röding

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The trace mineral selenium is still regarded as one of the most interesting and health-beneficial elements. In addition to the Editorial containing a dedication to Dr. Leopold Flohé, this Special Issue contains 13 research articles and 8 reviews, with over 120 different contributors covering many of the most important subjects concerning the study of selenium. The articles address both selenium as well as selenoproteins and their molecular roles, providing important considerations regarding this trace element’s impact on human and animal health and disease.

selenoproteome --- selenoprotein hierarchy --- nonradioactive isotopes --- SEC-ICP MS --- glutathione peroxidase --- thioredoxin reductase --- SECIS --- translation regulation --- autoimmune thyroid disease --- diabetes mellitus --- Graves’ disease --- Hashimoto thyroiditis --- infection --- inflammation --- long-COVID --- rheumatoid arthritis --- selenoprotein P --- sepsis --- selenoprotein W --- thioredoxin --- 14-3-3 --- Akt --- cell death --- Selenof --- selenium --- selenoprotein --- colon cancer --- barrier integrity --- cardiovascular --- heart --- selenoproteins --- Keshan’s Disease --- bacteria --- selenite --- selenium delivery system --- Trsp --- hypothalamus --- Agrp neuron --- sex differences --- diet-induced obesity --- leptin resistance --- macrophage --- differentiation --- redox signaling --- NRF2 --- NF-κB --- lipid mediators --- seleocysteine --- autoimmunity --- lymphocyte --- cadmium cytotoxicity --- cancer therapy --- cisplatin --- ICP-MS --- nonsynonymous mutation --- selenium homeostasis --- ZIP8 --- Trit1 --- isopentenylation --- tRNA[Ser]Sec --- selenocysteine --- genetic variance --- human disease --- selenophosphate synthetase --- endothelial cell --- reactive oxygen species --- cell growth --- angiogenesis --- SEPHS1 --- early embryogenesis --- embryonic lethality --- prostate --- cancer --- tumor suppressor --- selenoprotein deficiency --- SECISBP2 --- Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec --- SEPSECS --- antioxidative defense --- autoantibody --- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis --- trace element --- recoding --- SECIS-binding protein --- translation termination --- nonsense-mediated decay --- ribosome rescue --- health --- mouse models --- selenocysteine (Sec) --- virus --- viral --- antioxidant --- HIV --- HCV --- HBV --- coxsackie virus --- influenza --- n/a --- HIV-1 --- viral infection --- SELENOS --- SELENOO --- primary T cells --- Jurkat --- SupT1 --- translational control --- Graves' disease --- Keshan's Disease --- Hashimoto's thyroiditis

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Supporting initiation, development and resolution of appropriate immune responses is key to survival. Many nutrients and dietary components have been purported to have a role in supporting optimal immune function. This is vital throughout the life course, from the development and programming of the immune system in early life, to supporting immunity and reducing chronic inflammation in older people. In this special issue of Nutrients, we examine the evidence for the role of diet and dietary components in promoting protective immunity.

immunonutrition --- supplementation --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- fermented milk --- selenocysteine --- dendritic cells --- lipoxygenase (LOX) --- chronic inflammatory conditions --- formulation --- immune system --- cytokines --- skeletal muscle --- zinc --- non-digestible carbohydrates --- Toll-like receptor --- carbohydrates --- fiber --- lymphocytes --- antibody --- infants --- liver --- macrophage --- inflammatory process --- probiotic --- plant --- older people --- gut barrier --- infection --- amino acids --- gut --- T helper 1 (Th1) --- immunity --- T cells --- bioactive peptide --- inhibitor of kappa kinase (IKK) --- inflammation --- adhesion molecules --- leukocytes --- human milk oligosaccharides --- vitamin D --- food structure --- vitamin E --- mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPK) --- gut microbiota --- weaning --- homeostasis --- intestinal immune system --- extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) --- cyclooxygenase (COX) --- oxidative stress --- life course --- polyphenols --- oligosaccharides --- micronutrients --- Th17 --- obesity --- tolerance --- arachidonic acid --- growth factors --- anti-inflammation --- age-related immunity --- prebiotic --- biomarker --- microbiome --- functional foods --- immunosenescence --- nutrition --- molecular mechanisms --- metabolism --- macronutrients --- toll-like receptor 4 --- sepsis --- nutrition guidelines --- microbiota --- immunomodulation --- inflammatory markers --- elderly --- Th1/Th17 response --- adults --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- anorexia nervosa --- macrophages --- autoimmune diseases --- fatty acids --- T cell --- Treg --- breast milk --- nitric oxide synthase (NOS) --- chemokines --- anti-tumorigenic --- metabolites --- deficiency --- protein hydrolysate --- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-?B) --- cancer