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Second World War

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Between 1966 and 1980, the War History Office of the National Defense College of Japan (now the Center for Military History of the National Institute for Defense Studies) published the 102-volume Senshi Sōsho (War History Series). The present book completes the trilogy of English translations of the sections in the Senshi Sōsho series on the Japanese operations against the former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). The first volume (The Invasion of the Dutch East Indies, 2015) details the army operations, the second volume (The Operations of the Navy in the Dutch East Indies and the Bay of Bengal, 2018) the navy operations, and this third volume the army air force operations. The three volumes provide an unparalleled insight into the Japanese campaign to capture Southeast Asia and the oil fields in the Indonesian archipelago in what was at that time the largest transoceanic landing operation in the military history of the world. It was also the first time in history that air power was employed with devastating effect over such enormous distances, posing complex technical and logistical problems.

Second World War --- Japan, Senshi Sōsho, Second World War, Military history, Indonesia, Army Air Force

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This is the first extensive treatment of leading judicial institutions under Nazi rule in WWII. It focusses on all democratic countries under German occupation, and provides the details for answering questions like: how can law serve as an instrument of defence against an oppressive regime? Are the courts always the guardians of democracy and rule of law? What role was there for international law? How did the courts deal with dismissals, new appointees, new courts, forced German ordinances versus national law? How did judges justify their actions, help citizens, appease the enemy, protest against injustice? Experts from all democracies that were occupied by the Nazis paint vivid pictures of oppression, collaboration, and resistance. The results are interpreted in a socio-legal framework introducing the concept of ‘moral hygiene’ to explain the clash between normative and descriptive approaches in public opinion and scholarship concerning officials’ behaviour in war-time.

Judiciary, enemy occupation, second World War, National Socialism, collaboration

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Die Auseinandersetzung mit politischer Belastung gehört zu den zentralen Herausforderungen von Transformationsgesellschaften. Für die Nachkriegsdemokratien der 1940er- und 1950er-Jahre stellte sich daher die Frage, wie mit Personen verfahren werden sollte, die sich durch ihre Vergangenheit in Krieg und Diktatur kompromittiert hatten. Wer aus welchem Grund als wie schwer „belastet" angesehen wurde und welche Schlussfolgerungen sich daraus ergaben, war das Ergebnis komplexer Zuschreibungs- und Aushandlungsprozesse. Die Studie nimmt diese Aushandlungsprozesse in Frankreich, Österreich und Westdeutschland in den Blick. Sie untersucht politische Diskurse um die Sanktionierung und Amnestierung NS- und kollaborationsbelasteter Personen und fragt nach dem Zusammenhang von Be- und Entlastungsdiskursen mit demokratischen und nationalen Transformationsprozessen. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass sich politische Belastungsdiskurse in den Nachkriegsdemokratien nicht primär um individuelle Verantwortung drehten. Die Opfer spielten kaum eine Rolle. Stattdessen ging es um das Wohl der Nation und den Erfolg der Demokratie. Darauf stützten sich sowohl die Anhänger:innen als auch die Gegner:innen politischer Sanktionen. How could postwar democracy exist without real "denazification"? A discourse-analytical comparison of West Germany, and France and Austria shows that the relationship between political burdens and transformation after World War II was more complex than it seems. In discourses about the burdens of the Nazi regime and collaboration, it was less about individual guilt than it was about the future of democracy and easing the burden on the nation.

Democratization after 1945. --- Second World War. --- denazification. --- postwar discourses.

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This is the first extensive treatment of leading judicial institutions under Nazi rule in WWII. It focusses on all democratic countries under German occupation, and provides the details for answering questions like: how can law serve as an instrument of defence against an oppressive regime? Are the courts always the guardians of democracy and rule of law? What role was there for international law? How did the courts deal with dismissals, new appointees, new courts, forced German ordinances versus national law? How did judges justify their actions, help citizens, appease the enemy, protest against injustice? Experts from all democracies that were occupied by the Nazis paint vivid pictures of oppression, collaboration, and resistance. The results are interpreted in a socio-legal framework introducing the concept of ‘moral hygiene’ to explain the clash between normative and descriptive approaches in public opinion and scholarship concerning officials’ behaviour in war-time.

Second World War --- Courts & procedure --- Political structures: totalitarianism & dictatorship --- Judiciary, enemy occupation, second World War, National Socialism, collaboration