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Governments can significantly reduce earthquake mortality by implementing and enforcing quake-proof construction regulation. The authors examine why many governments do not. Contrary to intuition, controlling for the strength and location of actual earthquakes, mortality is lower in countries with higher earthquake propensity, where the payoffs to mortality prevention are higher. Importantly, however, the government response to earthquake propensity depends on country income and the political incentives of governments to provide public goods to citizens. The opportunity costs of earthquake mortality prevention are higher in poorer countries; rich countries invest more in mortality prevention than poor countries in response to a higher earthquake propensity. Similarly, governments that have fewer incentives to provide public goods, such as younger democracies, autocracies with less institutionalized ruling parties and countries with corrupt regimes, respond less to an elevated quake propensity. They therefore have higher mortality at any level of quake propensity compared to older democracies, autocracies with highly institutionalized parties and non-corrupt regimes, respectively. The authors find robust evidence for these predictions in our analysis of earthquake mortality over the period 1960 to 2005.

Citizen --- Citizens --- Conflict and Development --- Democracy --- Disaster Management --- Disasters --- Earthquake --- Environment --- Government policies --- Government response --- Hazard Risk Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Knowledge --- Labor Policies --- Large numbers of people --- Mortality --- Mortality reduction --- Natural Disasters --- Policies --- Policy --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Richer countries --- Scarce resources --- Social Protections and Labor --- Societal level --- Urban Development --- Vulnerability

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In the run-up to war in Iraq, the Bush administration assured the world that America's interest was in liberation-especially for women. The first book to examine how Iraqi women have fared since the invasion, What Kind of Liberation? reports from the heart of the war zone with dire news of scarce resources, growing unemployment, violence, and seclusion. Moreover, the book exposes the gap between rhetoric that placed women center stage and the present reality of their diminishing roles in the "new Iraq." Based on interviews with Iraqi women's rights activists, international policy makers, and NGO workers and illustrated with photographs taken by Iraqi women, What Kind of Liberation? speaks through an astonishing array of voices. Nadje Al-Ali and Nicola Pratt correct the widespread view that the country's violence, sectarianism, and systematic erosion of women's rights come from something inherent in Muslim, Middle Eastern, or Iraqi culture. They also demonstrate how in spite of competing political agendas, Iraqi women activists are resolutely pressing to be part of the political transition, reconstruction, and shaping of the new Iraq.

Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- Women --- Women's rights --- Anglo-American Invasion of Iraq, 2003-2011 --- Dawn, Operation New, 2010-2011 --- Gulf War II, 2003-2011 --- Iraqi Freedom, Operation, 2003-2010 --- New Dawn, Operation, 2010-2011 --- Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2003-2010 --- Operation New Dawn, 2010-2011 --- Operation Telic, 2003-2011 --- Persian Gulf War, 2003-2011 --- Telic, Operation, 2003-2011 --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Rights of women --- Human rights --- Women. --- Political activity --- Social conditions. --- Civil rights --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Women in politics --- Iraq War, 2003 --- -Human females --- -Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- 21st century american history. --- 21st century iraqi history. --- activism. --- bush administration. --- gender studies. --- government and governing. --- growing unemployment. --- human condition. --- international policy. --- iraq. --- iraqi women activists. --- iraqi women. --- islam. --- middle east. --- middle eastern politics. --- muslim. --- new iraq. --- ngo workers. --- political. --- president bush. --- president george w bush. --- scarce resources. --- seclusion. --- sectarianism. --- united states of america. --- violence. --- war and gender. --- war in iraq. --- war zone. --- warfare. --- womens rights activists. --- womens rights. --- Social conditions