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Saponins are a very diverse class of secondary metabolites found in plants and some marine invertebrates. They are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophilic sugar moiety, and a hydrophobic steroid/triterpenic-like part known as the aglycone. Saponins are studied for their pharmacological properties such as their anti-fungal, anti-microbial and anti-tumoral activity. Holothuroids, or sea cucumbers, produce saponins as a chemical defense against predators and parasites, but interestingly, are immune to the cytotoxic nature of these chemicals. This immunity is extremely poorly understood. The standing hypothesis, based purely on observation, is that the rare Δ7 and Δ9(11) sterols that replace cholesterol in the cellular plasma membranes of sea cucumbers are responsible for this immunity, however, the molecular mechanism remains obscure. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms behind the immunity of holothuroid to the cytotoxic saponins (e.g. Frondoside A) they produce but also to describe, at a molecular level, the interactions that occur between model plasma membranes and saponins. This investigation was conducted using complementary biophysical tools, using both in silico approaches such as the Hypermatrix, IMPALA and Big Monolayer simulation models and with an in vitro technique called Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). The Hypermatrix method calculates energies of interaction between a central molecule and a surrounding lipid monolayer, allowing to determine if certain interactions are more favorable than others. The Big Monolayer uses these energies to simulate a monolayer composed of different proportions of lipids and saponin. ITC is a technique used to describe interactions in a thermodynamic framework, and allows for the enthalpy, entropy, free Gibbs energy and the binding constant of a particular interaction to be determined from a recorded thermogram. The structural differences of the holothuroid sterols were first described and compared to the mammalian membrane sterol: cholesterol. Structural differences of saponins and sterols were associated with different interaction affinities and mechanisms. Saponin-lipid (both phospholipids and sterols) interactions were mainly apolar in nature. Interactions with phospholipids were more favorable than with sterols, and among the sterols, saponins interacted more favorably with cholesterol than the holothuroid Δ7 and Δ9(11) sterols. Liposomes containing cholesterol resulted in exothermic interactions with Frondoside A whereas liposomes containing the Δ7 sterol were endothermic with the same saponin. Big Monolayer simulations using experimental settings previously developed for plant saponins revealed that the holothuroid saponin Frondoside A has an agglomerating effect on cholesterol domains, similarly to the plant saponin. However when interacting with the Δ7 sterols, the sterol domains were fragmented into small clusters. The coevolution of a saponin-Δ7 sterol pair may be an adaptation required for holothuroid membranes to inhibit the formation of large membrane disruptive sterol domains in the presence of saponin.
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547.918 --- 641.883 --- 641.13 --- Academic collection --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Sweeteners. Sugar --- Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- Conferences - Meetings --- 641.13 Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- 641.883 Sweeteners. Sugar --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside
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547.94 --- 547.918 --- Natural products --- #KVIV --- Products, Natural --- Raw materials --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- 547.94 Natural alkaloids. Alkaloids of unknown composition --- Natural alkaloids. Alkaloids of unknown composition --- Natural products.
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Academic collection --- 547.918 --- 641.883 --- 641.13 --- 641.13 Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- 641.883 Sweeteners. Sugar --- Sweeteners. Sugar --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Conferences - Meetings
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Academic collection --- 547.918 --- 641.883 --- 641.13 --- 582.998.2 --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Sweeteners. Sugar --- Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- Tubuliflorae. Golden rod. Daisy. Aster. Edelweiss. Sunflower. Dahlia. Camomile . Stevia. Tansy. Corn marigold. Yarrow (milfoil). Chrysanthemum. Artemisias. Wormwood (mugwort, absinth). Tarragon. Southernwood (lad's love). Arnica. Groundsel --- 641.13 Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- 641.883 Sweeteners. Sugar --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside
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Academic collection --- 547.918 --- 641.883 --- 641.13 --- 582.998.2 --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Sweeteners. Sugar --- Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- Tubuliflorae. Golden rod. Daisy. Aster. Edelweiss. Sunflower. Dahlia. Camomile . Stevia. Tansy. Corn marigold. Yarrow (milfoil). Chrysanthemum. Artemisias. Wormwood (mugwort, absinth). Tarragon. Southernwood (lad's love). Arnica. Groundsel --- 641.13 Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- 641.883 Sweeteners. Sugar --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside
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Academic collection --- 547.918 --- 641.883 --- 641.13 --- 582.998.2 --- stevia --- suiker --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Sweeteners. Sugar --- Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- Tubuliflorae. Golden rod. Daisy. Aster. Edelweiss. Sunflower. Dahlia. Camomile . Stevia. Tansy. Corn marigold. Yarrow (milfoil). Chrysanthemum. Artemisias. Wormwood (mugwort, absinth). Tarragon. Southernwood (lad's love). Arnica. Groundsel --- 641.13 Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- 641.883 Sweeteners. Sugar --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside
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Intrigued as much by its complex nature as by its outsider status in traditional organic chemistry, the editors of The Organic Chemistry of Sugars compile a groundbreaking resource in carbohydrate chemistry that illustrates the ease at which sugars can be manipulated in a variety of organic reactions.Each chapter contains numerous examples demonstrating the methods and strategies that apply mainstream organic chemistry to the chemical modification of sugars. The book first describes the discovery, development, and impact of carbohydrates, followed by a discussion of protecting group strategies, glycosylation techniques, and oligosaccharide syntheses. Several chapters focus on reactions that convert sugars and carbohydrates to non-carbohydrate molecules including the substitution of sugar hydroxyl groups to new groups of synthetic or biological interest, cyclitols and carbasugars, as well as endocyclic heteroatom substitutions. Subsequent chapters demonstrate the use of sugars in chiral catalysis, their roles as convenient starting materials for complex syntheses involving multiple stereogenic centers, and syntheses for monosaccharides. The final chapters focus on new and emerging technologies, including approaches to combinatorial carbohydrate chemistry, the biological importance and chemical synthesis of glycopeptides, and the medicinally significant concept of glycomimetics.Presenting the organic chemistry of sugars as a solution to many complex synthetic challenges, The Organic Chemistry of Sugars provides a comprehensive treatment of the manipulation of sugars and their importance in mainstream organic chemistry.
Organic chemistry --- KWS (koolwaterstoffen) --- glycosiden --- oligosacchariden --- organische chemie --- suiker --- Carbohydrates --- Glycosides --- Oligosaccharides --- 547.458 --- 547.917 --- 547.918 --- 577.114 --- Glucosides --- Monosaccharides --- Carbs (Carbohydrates) --- Biomolecules --- Organic compounds --- Glycomics --- 547.458 Polysaccharides --- Polysaccharides --- 577.114 Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Polysaccharides --- Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Polysaccharides --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- 547.917 Carbohydrates --- Carbohydrates. --- Glycosides. --- Oligosaccharides. --- Hétérosides. --- Glucides. --- Hétérosides.
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Produit alimentaire --- foods --- Aliment nouveau --- Novel foods --- Stevia --- Édulcorant --- Sweeteners --- Diabète --- Diabetes --- Stévioside --- stevioside --- Additif alimentaire --- Food additives --- Academic collection --- 547.918 --- 641.883 --- 641.13 --- 582.998.2 --- Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- Sweeteners. Sugar --- Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- Tubuliflorae. Golden rod. Daisy. Aster. Edelweiss. Sunflower. Dahlia. Camomile . Stevia. Tansy. Corn marigold. Yarrow (milfoil). Chrysanthemum. Artemisias. Wormwood (mugwort, absinth). Tarragon. Southernwood (lad's love). Arnica. Groundsel --- 641.13 Carbohydrates. Cereals. Fruits. Sugars --- 641.883 Sweeteners. Sugar --- 547.918 Glycosides. Amygdalin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Digitalin. Coniferin. Stevioside --- stevioside.
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Fluid interfaces are promising candidates for confining different types of materials, e.g., polymers, surfactants, colloids, and even small molecules, to be used in designing new functional materials with reduced dimensionality. The development of such materials requires a deepening of the physicochemical bases underlying the formation of layers at fluid interfaces as well as on the characterization of their structures and properties. This is of particular importance because the constraints associated with the assembly of materials at the interface lead to the emergence of equilibrium and features of dynamics in the interfacial systems, which are far removed from those conventionally found in traditional materials. This Special Issue is devoted to studies on the fundamental and applied aspects of fluid interfaces, and attempts to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current status of the research field.
Technology: general issues --- polyelectrolyte --- surfactants --- kinetically trapped aggregates --- interfaces --- surface tension --- interfacial dilational rheology --- adsorption --- nonlinear stretching sheet --- viscoelastic fluid --- MHD --- viscous dissipation --- underwater vehicle --- sea-water pump --- vibration isolation --- flexible pipes --- cationic surfactants --- Gemini 12-2-12 surfactant --- dynamic surface tension --- maximum bubble pressure --- surface potential --- nanofluid --- stretching surface --- rotating fluid --- Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) --- porous media --- magnetohydrodynamics --- hybrid nanofluid --- stretching cylinder --- flow characteristics --- nanoparticles --- convective heat transfer --- interfacial tensions --- dilational rheology --- biocompatible emulsions --- partition coefficient --- Tween 80 --- saponin --- citronellol glucoside --- MCT oil --- Miglyol 812N --- lipids --- pollutants --- Langmuir monolayers --- particles --- rheology --- neutron reflectometry --- ellipsometry --- DPPC --- lipid monolayers --- air/water interface --- entropy --- second grade nanofluid --- Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model --- nonlinear thermal radiation --- Joule heating --- fluid displacement --- inverse Saffman–Taylor instability --- partially miscible --- Korteweg force --- gyrotactic microorganisms --- micropolar magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) --- Maxwell nanofluid --- single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) --- thermal radiation --- chemical reaction --- mixed convection --- permeability --- confinement --- dynamics --- materials --- applications
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