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Agricultural diversification can occur in many forms (e.g., genetic variety, species, structural) and can be created temporally and over different spatially scales (e.g., within crop, within field, and landscape level). Crop diversification is the practice of growing more than one crop species within a farming area in the form of rotations (two or more crops on the same field in different years), multiple crops (more than one crop in the same season on the same field) or intercropping (at least two crops simultaneously on the same field).Various cropping strategies and management practices, such as diversification of cropping systems by crop rotation, conservation tillage, and the use of cover crops, have been promoted to enhance crop productivity and ecosystem services. However, the opportunities and means differ among regions and the actual effects of diversification on cropping system sustainability still need more investigation.This Special Issue covers the state-of-the-art and recent progress in different aspects related to agricultural diversification to increase the sustainability and resilience of a wide range of cropping systems (grassland, horticultural crops, fruit trees) and in a scenario of environmental challenges due to climate change: Crop production and quality; Impact of crop diversification on soil quality and biodiversity; Environmental impact and delivery of ecosystem services by crop diversification.

Research. --- Environmental economics. --- blue prawn --- black tiger shrimp --- economic efficiency --- farming systems --- salinity intrusion --- soil salinity --- white-legged shrimp --- big blue stem --- Cave in rock --- claypan --- forbs --- legumes --- intercropping --- cropping systems --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- millet and sorghum --- diversification --- monocultivar --- mixed-species plantation --- biodiversity --- arthropod --- soil --- on-farm biodiversity indicators --- lupin --- triticale --- weeds --- nitrogen --- convolutional neural network --- light competition --- transfer learning --- growth stages --- mixed cropping --- accumulate growing degree days --- phyllochron --- grass regrowth --- leaf sheaths --- blades --- agricultural sustainability --- crop rotation --- rice --- eco-economic benefit --- externality --- perennial cropping systems --- grape production --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- grapevine yield --- must quality --- experimental design --- aboveground mass --- black medick --- Egyptian clover --- grain yield --- nutrients --- white clover --- foodshed --- archipelago --- city region --- food modelling --- food self-sufficiency --- self-reliance --- food security --- agricultural diversification --- food planning --- regional food system --- crop diversification --- small farms --- HHI-Index --- Poland --- biochar --- sunflower husk --- soil respiration --- soybean --- n/a

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Agricultural diversification can occur in many forms (e.g., genetic variety, species, structural) and can be created temporally and over different spatially scales (e.g., within crop, within field, and landscape level). Crop diversification is the practice of growing more than one crop species within a farming area in the form of rotations (two or more crops on the same field in different years), multiple crops (more than one crop in the same season on the same field) or intercropping (at least two crops simultaneously on the same field).Various cropping strategies and management practices, such as diversification of cropping systems by crop rotation, conservation tillage, and the use of cover crops, have been promoted to enhance crop productivity and ecosystem services. However, the opportunities and means differ among regions and the actual effects of diversification on cropping system sustainability still need more investigation.This Special Issue covers the state-of-the-art and recent progress in different aspects related to agricultural diversification to increase the sustainability and resilience of a wide range of cropping systems (grassland, horticultural crops, fruit trees) and in a scenario of environmental challenges due to climate change: Crop production and quality; Impact of crop diversification on soil quality and biodiversity; Environmental impact and delivery of ecosystem services by crop diversification.

Research. --- Environmental economics. --- blue prawn --- black tiger shrimp --- economic efficiency --- farming systems --- salinity intrusion --- soil salinity --- white-legged shrimp --- big blue stem --- Cave in rock --- claypan --- forbs --- legumes --- intercropping --- cropping systems --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- millet and sorghum --- diversification --- monocultivar --- mixed-species plantation --- biodiversity --- arthropod --- soil --- on-farm biodiversity indicators --- lupin --- triticale --- weeds --- nitrogen --- convolutional neural network --- light competition --- transfer learning --- growth stages --- mixed cropping --- accumulate growing degree days --- phyllochron --- grass regrowth --- leaf sheaths --- blades --- agricultural sustainability --- crop rotation --- rice --- eco-economic benefit --- externality --- perennial cropping systems --- grape production --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- grapevine yield --- must quality --- experimental design --- aboveground mass --- black medick --- Egyptian clover --- grain yield --- nutrients --- white clover --- foodshed --- archipelago --- city region --- food modelling --- food self-sufficiency --- self-reliance --- food security --- agricultural diversification --- food planning --- regional food system --- crop diversification --- small farms --- HHI-Index --- Poland --- biochar --- sunflower husk --- soil respiration --- soybean --- blue prawn --- black tiger shrimp --- economic efficiency --- farming systems --- salinity intrusion --- soil salinity --- white-legged shrimp --- big blue stem --- Cave in rock --- claypan --- forbs --- legumes --- intercropping --- cropping systems --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- millet and sorghum --- diversification --- monocultivar --- mixed-species plantation --- biodiversity --- arthropod --- soil --- on-farm biodiversity indicators --- lupin --- triticale --- weeds --- nitrogen --- convolutional neural network --- light competition --- transfer learning --- growth stages --- mixed cropping --- accumulate growing degree days --- phyllochron --- grass regrowth --- leaf sheaths --- blades --- agricultural sustainability --- crop rotation --- rice --- eco-economic benefit --- externality --- perennial cropping systems --- grape production --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- grapevine yield --- must quality --- experimental design --- aboveground mass --- black medick --- Egyptian clover --- grain yield --- nutrients --- white clover --- foodshed --- archipelago --- city region --- food modelling --- food self-sufficiency --- self-reliance --- food security --- agricultural diversification --- food planning --- regional food system --- crop diversification --- small farms --- HHI-Index --- Poland --- biochar --- sunflower husk --- soil respiration --- soybean

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This book is a collection of all papers published in the Special Issue “Coastal Vulnerability and Mitigation Strategies: From Monitoring to Applied Research”. The main focus is to provide the state-of-the-art and recent research updates on sustainable management strategies for protecting vulnerable coastal areas. Based on 28 contributions from authors representing 17 different countries (Australia, China, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA), an ensemble of interdisciplinary articles has been collected, emphasizing the importance of tackling technical and scientific problems at different scales and from different point of views.

brackish lagoon types --- benthic macrophytes --- salinity --- succession --- univariate variables --- Greece --- spectral analysis --- low frequency --- wave grouping --- eigen analysis --- eigenmode --- random waves --- combination waves --- wave extreme events --- Mediterranean Sea --- North Atlantic Spanish coasts --- Gulf of Mexico --- wave modeling --- small scale storm variations --- tsunami-like solitary waves --- horizontal cylinders --- hydrodynamic loads --- experimental tests --- Morison and transverse equations --- hydrodynamic coefficients --- climate change --- multiobjective optimization --- coastal region --- pumping plant --- flooding --- historical cartography --- shore protection structures history --- groins --- gently sloping revetment --- earthquake --- tsunami --- strategic retreat --- salinity intrusion --- MIKE modelling --- sea level rise --- Mekong Delta --- drag coefficients --- oscillatory flows --- force sensors --- synchronization --- automatic alignment --- coastal plan --- erosion, coastal flooding --- sediment budget --- mitigation strategies guidelines --- littoral cell --- wave hindcasting --- Abu Dhabi --- shallow waters --- Shore Protection Manual --- wave climate --- coastal defense --- risk maps --- non-engineering measure --- coastal vulnerability --- eco-defense --- coastal morphodynamics --- mangroves --- flood attenuation --- natural defense --- beach nourishment --- beach drainage system --- groundwater --- submerged breakwater --- cross-shore sediment transport --- coastal vulnerability index --- storm surges --- waves action --- Mediterranean coasts --- extreme events --- threshold values --- probability --- hydrometeorological conditions --- Baltic coast --- climate changes --- sea-level rise --- TELEMAC --- natural beach --- flooded area --- seaside impacts --- Mar Menor --- long-term GIS analysis --- marine infrastructures impact --- coastal urbanization impact --- coastal erosion --- shore protection --- coastal armouring --- 3S tourism --- beach economy --- aeolian processes --- onshore and offshore winds --- Southern Baltic coast --- beach resilience --- beach resistance --- temporary groin --- sea breezes --- resilience index --- GSb model --- Yucatan peninsula --- BERM-N --- sand nourishments --- Bayesian belief network --- JarKus data --- coastal state indicators --- dune foot --- momentary coastline --- Holland coast --- vegetation stiffness --- bending elastic modulus --- velocity distribution --- turbulence intensity --- wave dissipation --- marine inundation --- FORM --- reliability analysis --- Veneto coast --- natural hazards --- disasters --- coastal Andhra Pradesh --- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles --- energy flux --- storm classification --- stormy year --- Andalusia coast --- beach morphodynamics --- UAV flights --- beach surveys --- Reef Balls™ --- sand-filled geosystems --- wave numerical model --- directional wave spectra drifter (DWSD) --- ADCP --- GPS wave buoy --- triple collocation --- Bagnoli-Coroglio Bay --- arsenic --- hydrocarbons --- heavy metals contamination --- marine pollution --- multivariate analysis --- Bagnoli --- Naples --- coastal monitoring --- coastal morphodynamic --- coastal management --- coastal ecosystem