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Among infectious diseases, viral infections are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the most low-income countries, particularly in young children. Most of the human viruses are all well characterized in terms of structure, life-cycle, tropism, and associated primary pathologies, but many of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying their ability to cause acute infection, persist or reactivate in the host and cause chronic and/or degenerative damage, and still need to be fully clarified. At the same time, it seems necessary to develop novel therapeutic approaches and rationale, and possibly more potent antiviral compounds that are addressed to novel targets.

hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts

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The purpose of this Special Issue “Cow’s Milk and Allergy” is to provide an overview of the association of cow’s milk with allergy. This topic has two quite different faces. On the one hand, we are all aware of the importance of cow’s milk allergy in early life. What is less known is that the consumption of raw, unprocessed milk is associated with a lower incidence of asthma and rhinitis. This Special Issue takes a closer look at all of these aspects of cow’s milk and allergy and focus on the following questions:

animal models --- milk allergen --- allergenicity --- camel milk --- immune regulation --- epigenetics --- human breast milk --- milk processing --- CAP-FEIA (Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay) --- immune system --- raw milk --- multiplex dot test --- Middle-East --- alkaline phosphatase --- cow’s milk allergy --- polygenic risk score --- tolerance --- hydrolysate --- CML --- infant formula --- miRNA-150 --- milk --- allergy --- casein --- asthma --- partial hydrolysate --- Immunoglubuline E --- molecular diagnosis --- allergic march --- delayed-type hypersensitivity --- allergenicity modulation --- prebiotics --- processing --- sRAGE --- histone acetylation --- dietary intervention --- probiotics --- cow’s milk --- Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) --- cow’s milk protein allergy --- farming effect --- protection --- anaphylaxis --- aggregation --- IgE binding --- natural history --- epidemiology --- prevalence --- infant allergy --- basophil activation test (BAT) --- ?-lactoglobulin --- step-down --- sensitization pattern --- extracellular vesicles --- cell-mediated reactions --- proteomics --- prevention of cow’s milk allergy --- therapy --- raw cow’s milk --- baked milk --- immune cells --- food allergy --- gut microbiota --- allergic diseases --- glycation --- bioactive peptides --- infant feeding --- cow’s milk allergens --- treatment of cow’s milk allergy --- formula --- genome-wide association --- diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy