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Computational Surface and Roundness Metrology provides an extraordinarily practical and hands-on approach towards understanding the diverse array of mathematical methods used in surface texture and roundness analysis. The book, in combination with a mathematical package or programming language interface, provides an invaluable tool for experimenting, learning, and discovering the many flavors of mathematics that are so routinely taken for granted in metrology. Whether the objective is to understand the origin of that ubiquitous transmission characteristics curve of a filter we see so often yet do not quite comprehend, or to delve into the intricate depths of a deceptively simple problem of fitting a line or a plane to a set of points, Computational Surface and Roundness Metrology describes it all (in exhaustive detail) using examples, illustrations, exercises, and a link to some of the finest publications in the field for over half a century. From the graduate student of metrology to the practicing engineer on the shop floor, Computational Surface and Roundness Metrology is a must-have reference for all involved in metrology, instrumentation/optics, manufacturing, and electronics.

Surfaces (Technology). --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Roundness measurement --- Mechanical Engineering --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Materials Science --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Measurement --- Roundness measurement. --- Materials --- Surface phenomena --- Measurement of roundness --- Measurement. --- Surfaces --- Engineering. --- Computer-aided engineering. --- Mathematical models. --- Physical measurements. --- Manufacturing industries. --- Machines. --- Tools. --- Manufacturing, Machines, Tools. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics. --- Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design. --- Friction --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Tribology --- Manufactures. --- Computer aided design. --- Manufacturing, Machines, Tools, Processes. --- CAD (Computer-aided design) --- Computer-assisted design --- Computer-aided engineering --- Design --- Manufactured goods --- Manufactured products --- Products --- Products, Manufactured --- Commercial products --- Manufacturing industries --- Measurement   . --- CAE --- Engineering --- Models, Mathematical --- Simulation methods --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Data processing

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Machining remains one of the most important manufacturing processes in the metalworking industry. Studies on this process have investigated the machinability of different materials, the behaviour of tools, chip formation, surface integrity, forces involved, and its economic and environmental sustainability. New materials are constantly being developed, and machining research needs to closely follow these developments. This book examines recent research in the machining field, covering several aspects and presenting very interesting developments in this area of knowledge.

magnesium alloy --- UNS M11917 --- AZ91D --- hole repair --- surface roughness --- dry drilling --- re-drilling --- thin plates --- thin-wall --- machining --- aluminium --- cutting forces --- roughness --- dry --- carbide tool --- Haynes 282 --- finishing turning --- UNS A97075 --- dry turning --- surface integrity --- straightness --- parallelism --- roundness --- concentricity --- circular run-out --- total run-out --- cylindricity --- tool edge preparation --- segmented chip --- machining simulation --- burr --- optimization --- turning process --- turning tools --- solid tools --- cemented carbide --- coated tools --- coated cemented carbide --- Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) --- Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) --- multilayered coatings --- nanolayered coatings --- wear mechanism --- tool life --- minimum quantity Lubricant (MQL) --- cutting energy --- tool damage --- liquid nitrogen --- carbon dioxide snow --- vibrations --- part quality --- flexible vacuum fixture --- AA2024 floor milling --- chip segmentation --- damage modeling --- dynamic strain aging --- stainless steel --- Ca treatment --- machinability --- turning --- chip breakability --- weight distribution --- non-metallic inclusions --- AWJM (abrasive water jet machining) --- CFRTP (carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics) --- hybrid structure --- surface quality --- Ra --- Rz --- C/TPU (carbon/thermoplastic polyurethane) --- milling --- tool coating --- TiAlN --- TiAlN-based coatings --- multilayer --- nanolayer --- wear mechanisms --- n/a

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Metrology is the science of measurement, which can be divided into three overlapping activities: (1) the definition of units of measurement, (2) the realization of units of measurement, and (3) the traceability of measurement units. Manufacturing metrology originally implicates the measurement of components and inputs for a manufacturing process to assure they are within specification requirements. It can also be extended to indicate the performance measurement of manufacturing equipment. This Special Issue covers papers revealing novel measurement methodologies and instrumentations for manufacturing metrology from the conventional industry to the frontier of the advanced hi-tech industry. Twenty-five papers are included in this Special Issue. These published papers can be categorized into four main groups, as follows: Length measurement: covering new designs, from micro/nanogap measurement with laser triangulation sensors and laser interferometers to very-long-distance, newly developed mode-locked femtosecond lasers. Surface profile and form measurements: covering technologies with new confocal sensors and imagine sensors: in situ and on-machine measurements. Angle measurements: these include a new 2D precision level design, a review of angle measurement with mode-locked femtosecond lasers, and multi-axis machine tool squareness measurement. Other laboratory systems: these include a water cooling temperature control system and a computer-aided inspection framework for CMM performance evaluation.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- white light interference --- laser interference --- surface positioning --- end-plate surface distance measurement --- spherical diamond wheel --- diamond roller --- form truing --- in-situ measurements --- topography measurement --- differential measurement system --- modular design --- confocal sensor --- film interferometry --- over-constrained mechanism --- geometric deviations --- multi-tasking machine tools --- identification method --- squareness of translational axes --- metrology --- step gauge --- length calibration --- multi-path laser synthesis technology --- measurement mechanism --- machine tool --- surface shape contour --- on-site measurement --- positional relation --- scanless 3D imaging --- compressed sensing --- depth detection --- single-pixel detector --- blade tip timing --- circumferential Fourier fit --- synchronous vibration --- optical angle sensor --- mode-locked femtosecond laser --- optical frequency comb --- laser autocollimation --- diffraction grating --- absolute angle measurement --- nonlinear optics --- second harmonic generation --- aeroengine blade --- blade twist --- measurement and evaluation --- a priori planning --- geometric analysis --- automated optical inspection --- precision measurement --- circular contour --- edge detection --- measurement system analysis --- coordinate measuring machine --- reproducibility --- GD&amp --- T --- quality --- measurement uncertainty --- precision metrology --- form measurement --- stitching linear-scan method --- roundness measurement --- Monte Carlo method --- single point diamond tool --- cutting edge radius --- reversal method --- nanoindentation system --- elastic recovery --- surface charge distribution --- point probing characteristics --- spherical scattering electrical field probe --- miniature internal structures --- high aspect ratios --- circulating cooling water --- dynamic thermal filtering --- precision manufacturing --- quick response --- temperature stability --- thermal management --- dual-axis level --- light refraction --- light transmission --- angle measurement --- differential Fabry-Pérot interferometer --- homodyne interferometer --- nonlinearity error --- linear displacement --- chromatic confocal probe --- femtosecond laser --- off-axis differential method --- tracking local minimum method --- laser triangulation displacement sensor (LTDS) --- dispensing robot --- location system --- actual laser imaging waveform --- centroid difference --- repeatability accuracy --- dynamic response speed --- absolute distance measurement --- system error correction --- surface texture measurement --- confocal sensing --- surface form tracing --- 3D reconstruction --- roughness --- in-process --- metrology for machining --- optical coherence tomography --- wafer die --- defect detection --- generative adversarial network (GAN) --- you only look once version 3 (YOLOv3) --- pad dressing --- dynamic measurement --- CMP --- pad uniformity --- pad lifetime --- white light interference --- laser interference --- surface positioning --- end-plate surface distance measurement --- spherical diamond wheel --- diamond roller --- form truing --- in-situ measurements --- topography measurement --- differential measurement system --- modular design --- confocal sensor --- film interferometry --- over-constrained mechanism --- geometric deviations --- multi-tasking machine tools --- identification method --- squareness of translational axes --- metrology --- step gauge --- length calibration --- multi-path laser synthesis technology --- measurement mechanism --- machine tool --- surface shape contour --- on-site measurement --- positional relation --- scanless 3D imaging --- compressed sensing --- depth detection --- single-pixel detector --- blade tip timing --- circumferential Fourier fit --- synchronous vibration --- optical angle sensor --- mode-locked femtosecond laser --- optical frequency comb --- laser autocollimation --- diffraction grating --- absolute angle measurement --- nonlinear optics --- second harmonic generation --- aeroengine blade --- blade twist --- measurement and evaluation --- a priori planning --- geometric analysis --- automated optical inspection --- precision measurement --- circular contour --- edge detection --- measurement system analysis --- coordinate measuring machine --- reproducibility --- GD&amp --- T --- quality --- measurement uncertainty --- precision metrology --- form measurement --- stitching linear-scan method --- roundness measurement --- Monte Carlo method --- single point diamond tool --- cutting edge radius --- reversal method --- nanoindentation system --- elastic recovery --- surface charge distribution --- point probing characteristics --- spherical scattering electrical field probe --- miniature internal structures --- high aspect ratios --- circulating cooling water --- dynamic thermal filtering --- precision manufacturing --- quick response --- temperature stability --- thermal management --- dual-axis level --- light refraction --- light transmission --- angle measurement --- differential Fabry-Pérot interferometer --- homodyne interferometer --- nonlinearity error --- linear displacement --- chromatic confocal probe --- femtosecond laser --- off-axis differential method --- tracking local minimum method --- laser triangulation displacement sensor (LTDS) --- dispensing robot --- location system --- actual laser imaging waveform --- centroid difference --- repeatability accuracy --- dynamic response speed --- absolute distance measurement --- system error correction --- surface texture measurement --- confocal sensing --- surface form tracing --- 3D reconstruction --- roughness --- in-process --- metrology for machining --- optical coherence tomography --- wafer die --- defect detection --- generative adversarial network (GAN) --- you only look once version 3 (YOLOv3) --- pad dressing --- dynamic measurement --- CMP --- pad uniformity --- pad lifetime

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Metrology is the science of measurement, which can be divided into three overlapping activities: (1) the definition of units of measurement, (2) the realization of units of measurement, and (3) the traceability of measurement units. Manufacturing metrology originally implicates the measurement of components and inputs for a manufacturing process to assure they are within specification requirements. It can also be extended to indicate the performance measurement of manufacturing equipment. This Special Issue covers papers revealing novel measurement methodologies and instrumentations for manufacturing metrology from the conventional industry to the frontier of the advanced hi-tech industry. Twenty-five papers are included in this Special Issue. These published papers can be categorized into four main groups, as follows: Length measurement: covering new designs, from micro/nanogap measurement with laser triangulation sensors and laser interferometers to very-long-distance, newly developed mode-locked femtosecond lasers. Surface profile and form measurements: covering technologies with new confocal sensors and imagine sensors: in situ and on-machine measurements. Angle measurements: these include a new 2D precision level design, a review of angle measurement with mode-locked femtosecond lasers, and multi-axis machine tool squareness measurement. Other laboratory systems: these include a water cooling temperature control system and a computer-aided inspection framework for CMM performance evaluation.

white light interference --- laser interference --- surface positioning --- end-plate surface distance measurement --- spherical diamond wheel --- diamond roller --- form truing --- in-situ measurements --- topography measurement --- differential measurement system --- modular design --- confocal sensor --- film interferometry --- over-constrained mechanism --- geometric deviations --- multi-tasking machine tools --- identification method --- squareness of translational axes --- metrology --- step gauge --- length calibration --- multi-path laser synthesis technology --- measurement mechanism --- machine tool --- surface shape contour --- on-site measurement --- positional relation --- scanless 3D imaging --- compressed sensing --- depth detection --- single-pixel detector --- blade tip timing --- circumferential Fourier fit --- synchronous vibration --- optical angle sensor --- mode-locked femtosecond laser --- optical frequency comb --- laser autocollimation --- diffraction grating --- absolute angle measurement --- nonlinear optics --- second harmonic generation --- aeroengine blade --- blade twist --- measurement and evaluation --- a priori planning --- geometric analysis --- automated optical inspection --- precision measurement --- circular contour --- edge detection --- measurement system analysis --- coordinate measuring machine --- reproducibility --- GD&amp --- T --- quality --- measurement uncertainty --- precision metrology --- form measurement --- stitching linear-scan method --- roundness measurement --- Monte Carlo method --- single point diamond tool --- cutting edge radius --- reversal method --- nanoindentation system --- elastic recovery --- surface charge distribution --- point probing characteristics --- spherical scattering electrical field probe --- miniature internal structures --- high aspect ratios --- circulating cooling water --- dynamic thermal filtering --- precision manufacturing --- quick response --- temperature stability --- thermal management --- dual-axis level --- light refraction --- light transmission --- angle measurement --- differential Fabry–Pérot interferometer --- homodyne interferometer --- nonlinearity error --- linear displacement --- chromatic confocal probe --- femtosecond laser --- off-axis differential method --- tracking local minimum method --- laser triangulation displacement sensor (LTDS) --- dispensing robot --- location system --- actual laser imaging waveform --- centroid difference --- repeatability accuracy --- dynamic response speed --- absolute distance measurement --- system error correction --- surface texture measurement --- confocal sensing --- surface form tracing --- 3D reconstruction --- roughness --- in-process --- metrology for machining --- optical coherence tomography --- wafer die --- defect detection --- generative adversarial network (GAN) --- you only look once version 3 (YOLOv3) --- pad dressing --- dynamic measurement --- CMP --- pad uniformity --- pad lifetime --- n/a --- differential Fabry-Pérot interferometer

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This book was proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of testing of materials and elements in civil engineering. For this reason, the articles highlighted in this editorial relate to different aspects of testing of different materials and elements in civil engineering, from building materials to building structures. The current trend in the development of testing of materials and elements in civil engineering is mainly concerned with the detection of flaws and defects in concrete elements and structures, and acoustic methods predominate in this field. As in medicine, the trend is towards designing test equipment that allows one to obtain a picture of the inside of the tested element and materials. Interesting results with significance for building practices were obtained.

Technology. --- rock bolt --- grouting quality --- dynamic response --- natural frequency --- finite element method --- monitoring --- historical masonry wall --- hygrothermal processes --- internal insulation --- testing of building materials --- test uncertainty --- validation of test methods --- sustainable test methods --- recycling --- foamed asphalt mixtures with cement (FAC) --- base layer --- reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) --- fatigue durability --- GFRP --- FRP reinforcement --- shear --- capacity --- reinforced concrete beams --- column --- stiffness --- FRCM --- PBO mesh --- PBO–FRCM --- carpentry joints --- scarf and splice joints --- stop-splayed scarf joints (‘bolt of lightning’) --- static behaviour --- experimental research --- concrete --- non-destructive testing --- ultrasounds --- ultrasonic tomography --- acoustic methods --- defects --- diagnostic --- detection --- convolutional neural networks --- transfer learning --- monitoring FBG --- power transmission tower --- civil engineering --- X-ray microtomography --- microstructure characteristics --- infiltration damage --- high-strength concrete --- steel fibres --- flexural tensile strength --- fracture energy --- numerical analysis --- concrete floors --- compressive strength --- strength distribution --- industrial floors --- ultrasound tests --- ventilated facades --- large-scale facade model --- fire safety --- fiber cement board --- large-slab ceramic tile --- plasterboards --- moisture content --- hydration processes --- mechanical properties --- ultrasound measurements --- ESD resin --- expansion joint --- quasi-plastic material --- energy absorption --- asphalt mix --- compaction index --- volumetric parameters --- stiffness modulus --- moisture resistance --- roughness --- texture --- close-range photogrammetry --- bond strength --- random field generation --- semivariograms --- hybrid truss bridge --- steel–concrete connection joint --- mechanical behavior --- failure mode --- strain --- static test --- static elastic modulus --- dynamic elastic modulus --- machine learning --- P-wave --- S-wave --- resonance frequency test --- nondestructive method --- Al–Ti laminate --- fracture --- acoustic emission diagnostic --- pattern recognition --- clustering AE signal --- storage systems --- tab connector --- flexural test --- capable design moment --- restrained ring test --- autogenous shrinkage cracking --- concrete cracking test --- concrete shrinkage cracking test --- restrined ring calibration --- cement–fiber boards --- acoustic emission method --- k-means algorithm --- wavelet analysis --- fiber composites --- ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- HMA dielectric constant --- road pavement thickness estimation --- early age concrete --- damage processes detection before loading --- strength of structures --- aggregate --- classification --- wire mesh --- roundness --- tilting angle --- opening size --- concrete centrifugation --- morphology --- image processing --- porosity --- cement --- waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) --- controlled low-strength material (CLSM) --- unconfined compressive strength --- bearing capacity --- backfill material --- P-wave velocity --- amplitude attenuation --- resistivity --- CT scan --- sandstone --- damage variable --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- spin-lattice relaxometry --- proton --- hydration kinetics --- superplasticizer --- ready-mixed concrete --- construction material --- quality assessment --- conformity criteria --- statistical-fuzzy method --- FRTP --- rivet --- connection --- polyethylene pipe --- mechanical properties of polyethylene --- resistance strain --- computer simulation --- residual shear stress --- particle crushing --- ring shear test --- particle flow code (PFC2D) --- frictional work --- fibre-reinforced concrete --- recycled steel fibres --- micro-computed tomography --- scanning electron microscopy --- tensile strength --- reinforced concrete --- diagnostic testing --- corrosion --- carbonation --- galvanostatic pulse method --- phase composition analysis --- X-ray analysis --- thermal analysis --- quasi-brittle cement composites --- low-module polypropylene fibres --- elastic range --- digital image correlation --- Arcan shear test --- wood --- orthotropic shear modulus --- elastic-plastic material --- shear wave velocity --- sand --- bender elements test --- grain-size characteristics --- complex modulus --- shrinkage analysis --- reclaimed asphalt --- mineral–cement emulsion mixtures --- cement dusty by-products (UCPPs) --- degradation of glass panels --- effective area ratio --- relative mass loss --- visible light transmittance --- windblown sand --- wood-plastic composites --- methods of testing resistance to fungi --- methods of assessment --- ground-penetrating radar (GPR) --- non-destructive techniques (NDT) --- corrosion of reinforcement --- slip resistance --- granite floor --- slip resistance value --- ramp test --- acceptance angle --- sliding friction coefficient --- comparability of test methods --- wall temperature --- fibre bragg grating sensors --- freeze-thaw cycles --- signal analysis --- short-time Fourier transform --- fast Fourier transform --- brine --- sodium chloride --- X-ray --- partition walls --- brick walls --- bending strength --- cracking --- post-tension --- cable --- girder --- destructive test --- non-destructive test --- structural health monitoring --- safety --- monitoring fibre Bragg grating --- mining areas --- strain/stress distribution --- geopolymer concrete --- fly-ash --- bottom-ash --- neural network --- sustainability --- industrial waste management --- flexural strength --- cladding --- AE acoustic emission --- micro-events --- sound spectrum --- traditional and quasi-brittle cement composites --- residual-state creep --- saturation front --- landslides --- erosional stability --- laboratory testing --- grout mixtures --- groundwater --- test apparatus --- testing --- building materials --- elements