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Nutritional deficiencies, and different nutritional and dietary lifestyles, whether poor or absent of essential nutrients, aside from excess intake, can lead to inflammatory complications and loss of function. Bioactive compounds are non-nutritional components derived from plants, foods, and beverages with a multitude of biological effects. The improvement of analytical techniques has allowed scientific community to state that the regular consumption of bioactive phytochemicals is related to the prevention of numerous pathologies, through mechanisms that involve oxidative stress reduction, gene expression modulation, and even enzymatic activation inhibition.

Medicine --- quercetin --- nervous system --- molecular signals --- pharmacological potential --- cognitive impairment. --- micronuclei --- radioprotectors --- radiation effects --- melanoma --- PNT2 --- B16F10 cells --- Ulmus parvifolia --- wound healing --- matrix metalloproteinase --- transforming growth factor --- skin rejuvenation --- kaempferol --- naringin --- orientin --- rutin --- vitexin --- chlorogenic acid --- citric acid --- malic acid --- quinic acid --- rosmarinic acid --- curcumin --- nanocurcumin --- neurological disorders --- nanocarriers --- liposomes --- cancer --- diet --- flavonoids --- food supplements --- hormesis --- phytoestrogens --- sulforaphane --- resveratrol --- cardiovascular disease --- nanomedicine --- liposome --- nanoformulation --- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase --- remdesivir --- chloroquine --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- spike glycoproteins --- Acorus calamus --- ethnomedicinal --- phytochemistry --- toxicity --- pharmacological action --- clinical trial --- neuroprotective --- neurological --- metabolic application --- kurarinone --- coronavirus --- HCoV-OC43 --- autophagy --- infection --- MRC-5 cell --- LC3 --- p62/SQSTM1 protein --- quercetin --- nervous system --- molecular signals --- pharmacological potential --- cognitive impairment. --- micronuclei --- radioprotectors --- radiation effects --- melanoma --- PNT2 --- B16F10 cells --- Ulmus parvifolia --- wound healing --- matrix metalloproteinase --- transforming growth factor --- skin rejuvenation --- kaempferol --- naringin --- orientin --- rutin --- vitexin --- chlorogenic acid --- citric acid --- malic acid --- quinic acid --- rosmarinic acid --- curcumin --- nanocurcumin --- neurological disorders --- nanocarriers --- liposomes --- cancer --- diet --- flavonoids --- food supplements --- hormesis --- phytoestrogens --- sulforaphane --- resveratrol --- cardiovascular disease --- nanomedicine --- liposome --- nanoformulation --- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase --- remdesivir --- chloroquine --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- spike glycoproteins --- Acorus calamus --- ethnomedicinal --- phytochemistry --- toxicity --- pharmacological action --- clinical trial --- neuroprotective --- neurological --- metabolic application --- kurarinone --- coronavirus --- HCoV-OC43 --- autophagy --- infection --- MRC-5 cell --- LC3 --- p62/SQSTM1 protein

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Acute inflammation is a highly regulated process, and its dysregulation can lead to the development of a chronic inflammatory state which is believed to play a main role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. In recent years, the need to find new anti-inflammatory molecules has raised the scientific community´s interest for marine natural products. In this regard, the marine environment represents a source for isolating a wealth of bioactive compounds. In this Special Issue, the reported products have been obtained from microalgae, sea cucumber, octopus, squid, red alga-derived fungus, cnidarians, hard-shelled mussel, and sponges.

Tropical Eastern Pacific --- Zoanthus pulchellus --- critical illness --- zoanthamine --- SPR analysis --- dendritic cells --- endothelial cell death --- T cell differentiation --- seafood waste --- microalgae --- pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6 --- NRLP3 --- THP-1 macrophages --- fucoxanthin --- photo-protection --- cytokine --- thromboxane --- Isochrysis galbana --- fish oil --- photoprotection --- functional ingredients --- rosmarinic acid --- MAPK --- marine invertebrates --- poor blood circulation --- anti-inflammatory activity --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- anti-oxidative --- macroalgae --- colon inflammation --- MGDG --- TLR4 --- 6-bieckol --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) --- acute sickness behavior --- UVB --- eicosanoid --- clavulones --- carotenoids --- denervation --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- skin --- epidermal hyperplasia --- Geodia barretti --- omega-3 --- parenteral nutrition --- inflammation --- ultraviolet B --- docosahexaenoic acid --- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) --- anti-inflammatory --- zoantharia --- vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration --- bioactive molecules --- polysaccharides --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- glycolipids --- DSS colitis --- punaglandins --- marine nutraceuticals --- marine vertebrates --- phlorotannins --- acute lung injury (ALI) --- NF-?B --- diatoms --- interleukin (IL) --- inflammasome --- Frondanol --- Cucumaria frondosa --- prostaglandins --- Ecklonia cava --- 6-bromoindole --- NO inhibition --- surgery

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Nature represents an amazing source of inspiration, since it produces a great diversity of natural compounds selected by evolution, which exhibit multiple biological activities and applications. A large and very active research field is dedicated to identifying biosynthesized compounds, to improve/develop new methodologies, to produce/reuse natural compounds, and to assess their potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, among others, and additionally, to understand their mechanism of action. This book is dedicated to presenting the most recent results on the development of natural compounds’ applications. Ten original research works, organized by applications, and two reviews are included. Each of them contributes to the knowledge advance, insofar as they present new applications for known products, new methodologies to obtain new products, or the evaluation of a given application, with the applications related to health promotion being the most frequently considered. These works are significant contributions and reinforce the dynamic field of natural products’ applications.

Medicine --- amino acid metabolism --- carvacrol --- metabolomics data --- oxidative stress --- Penicillium digitatum --- Prangos pabularia Lindl. --- volatile oil --- PTP-1B --- osthole --- 5-pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene --- antidiabetic activity --- chalcones --- aldol condensation --- biological activity --- flavanones --- cytotoxic --- antioxidant --- anticholinesterase --- Maytenus --- celastroloids --- semisynthesis --- antibacterial activity --- structure–activity relationship --- rosemary --- rosmarinic acid --- anticancer --- antidiabetic --- cardioprotective --- Helianthus annuus --- Helianthus strumosus --- Aspergillus niger --- Candida albicans --- Cryptococcus neoformans --- α-pinene --- oleracone --- flavonoid --- anti-aging --- longevity --- Portulaca oleracea L. --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- total synthesis --- pimenta d’água --- Candida --- fungistatic effect --- inhibition of dimorphism --- GC/MS --- colorectal cancer --- Salviae miltiorrhizae radix --- apoptosis --- honey --- propolis --- phenolic compounds --- wound-healing activity --- NHDF cells --- Asteraceae --- sesquiterpene lactones --- alantolactone --- arglabin --- parthenolide --- thapsigargin --- in vivo study --- anti-inflammatory --- almond --- byproducts --- chlorogenic acid --- design of experiment --- phenolic acids --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- natural compounds --- therapeutic applications --- essential oils --- antimicrobial --- antitumor --- SAR

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High-quality primary data publications and review articles have been selected for publication in this Special Issue. They, collectively, draw a comprehensive picture of some of the most relevant questions linking (healthy) nutrition to brain development and brain disorders.

cocaine self-administration --- high-fat diet --- high-sugar diet --- maternal diet --- pregnancy and lactation --- melanocortin-4 receptor --- offspring brain --- rat offspring --- maternal nutrition --- protein restriction --- fetal brain --- hypothalamus --- differentiation --- neurogenesis --- transcriptomics --- epitranscriptomics --- mitochondria --- PKU --- cognitive outcomes --- cross-cultural --- cross-countries --- Phe associations --- spearmint --- rosmarinic acid --- polyphenol --- amyloid fibril --- amyloid beta --- alpha-synuclein --- Tau --- dementia --- human milk oligosaccharides --- cognition --- brain development --- animal behaviour --- fucosyllactose --- sialyllactose --- long term potentiation --- gut–brain–axis --- gut microbiome --- short-chain fatty acids --- bacterial metabolites --- SCFA --- manganese --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- choroid plexus --- ketogenic supplement --- ketosis --- aging --- lifespan --- neurodegenerative disease --- learning --- memory --- early childhood --- nutrition --- Mediterranean diet --- body mass index --- cognitive development --- multi-omics --- microvascular --- brain --- high glycemic diet --- soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor --- maless --- depression --- affective disorder --- gut-brain-axis --- bacteria --- probiotics --- therapy --- treatment --- n/a --- blood-brain barrier --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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Nature represents an amazing source of inspiration, since it produces a great diversity of natural compounds selected by evolution, which exhibit multiple biological activities and applications. A large and very active research field is dedicated to identifying biosynthesized compounds, to improve/develop new methodologies, to produce/reuse natural compounds, and to assess their potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, among others, and additionally, to understand their mechanism of action. This book is dedicated to presenting the most recent results on the development of natural compounds’ applications. Ten original research works, organized by applications, and two reviews are included. Each of them contributes to the knowledge advance, insofar as they present new applications for known products, new methodologies to obtain new products, or the evaluation of a given application, with the applications related to health promotion being the most frequently considered. These works are significant contributions and reinforce the dynamic field of natural products’ applications.

Medicine --- amino acid metabolism --- carvacrol --- metabolomics data --- oxidative stress --- Penicillium digitatum --- Prangos pabularia Lindl. --- volatile oil --- PTP-1B --- osthole --- 5-pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene --- antidiabetic activity --- chalcones --- aldol condensation --- biological activity --- flavanones --- cytotoxic --- antioxidant --- anticholinesterase --- Maytenus --- celastroloids --- semisynthesis --- antibacterial activity --- structure–activity relationship --- rosemary --- rosmarinic acid --- anticancer --- antidiabetic --- cardioprotective --- Helianthus annuus --- Helianthus strumosus --- Aspergillus niger --- Candida albicans --- Cryptococcus neoformans --- α-pinene --- oleracone --- flavonoid --- anti-aging --- longevity --- Portulaca oleracea L. --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- total synthesis --- pimenta d’água --- Candida --- fungistatic effect --- inhibition of dimorphism --- GC/MS --- colorectal cancer --- Salviae miltiorrhizae radix --- apoptosis --- honey --- propolis --- phenolic compounds --- wound-healing activity --- NHDF cells --- Asteraceae --- sesquiterpene lactones --- alantolactone --- arglabin --- parthenolide --- thapsigargin --- in vivo study --- anti-inflammatory --- almond --- byproducts --- chlorogenic acid --- design of experiment --- phenolic acids --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- natural compounds --- therapeutic applications --- essential oils --- antimicrobial --- antitumor --- SAR --- amino acid metabolism --- carvacrol --- metabolomics data --- oxidative stress --- Penicillium digitatum --- Prangos pabularia Lindl. --- volatile oil --- PTP-1B --- osthole --- 5-pentylcyclohexa-1,3-diene --- antidiabetic activity --- chalcones --- aldol condensation --- biological activity --- flavanones --- cytotoxic --- antioxidant --- anticholinesterase --- Maytenus --- celastroloids --- semisynthesis --- antibacterial activity --- structure–activity relationship --- rosemary --- rosmarinic acid --- anticancer --- antidiabetic --- cardioprotective --- Helianthus annuus --- Helianthus strumosus --- Aspergillus niger --- Candida albicans --- Cryptococcus neoformans --- α-pinene --- oleracone --- flavonoid --- anti-aging --- longevity --- Portulaca oleracea L. --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- total synthesis --- pimenta d’água --- Candida --- fungistatic effect --- inhibition of dimorphism --- GC/MS --- colorectal cancer --- Salviae miltiorrhizae radix --- apoptosis --- honey --- propolis --- phenolic compounds --- wound-healing activity --- NHDF cells --- Asteraceae --- sesquiterpene lactones --- alantolactone --- arglabin --- parthenolide --- thapsigargin --- in vivo study --- anti-inflammatory --- almond --- byproducts --- chlorogenic acid --- design of experiment --- phenolic acids --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- natural compounds --- therapeutic applications --- essential oils --- antimicrobial --- antitumor --- SAR