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Toll roads --- Roads --- Roads, Toll --- Turnpike roads --- Tolls --- Electronic Road Pricing System --- Express highways

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Strictly speaking, tolls are not a modern invention. Tolling is, in fact, an ancient tradition, with its origins rooted in history. Tolling has served numerous and wide-ranging purposes across the ages. While initially providing right of way, tolls were later used to finance the building and maintenance of infrastructure, before becoming a means of internalising external costs and managing demand. Nowadays, two main arguments are put forward for the introduction of tolls: to meet funding requirements and to respond to society’s desire for efficient use of infrastructure. However, as this Round Table shows, tolls are not a universal panacea and the introduction of road tolls is a politically delicate issue. The Round Table provides a broad view of both the theoretical aspects of tolling and the practical problems posed by its introduction. It takes a scientific look at what is a burning issue, at a time when a number of countries are envisaging the widespread adoption of electronic tolls.

ECMT. --- tolls. --- transport economics. --- Toll roads --- Roads --- Economic aspects --- Highways --- Roadways --- Thoroughfares --- Transportation --- Highway engineering --- Pavements --- Roads, Toll --- Turnpike roads --- Tolls --- Electronic Road Pricing System --- Express highways

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Roads --- Toll roads --- 656.1 --- 711.7 --- Roads, Toll --- Turnpike roads --- Tolls --- Electronic Road Pricing System --- Express highways --- 711.7 Planologie: verkeersnetten --- Planologie: verkeersnetten --- 656.1 Road transport --- Road transport --- Highway finance --- Finance --- Road traffic

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December 1999 - The presence of preexisting tax distortions, and the form of revenue recycling, can crucially affect the size - and possibly even the sign - of the welfare effect of road pricing schemes. The efficiency gains from recycling congestion tax revenues in other tax reductions can amount to several times the Pigouvian welfare gains from congestion reduction. Parry and Bento explore the interactions between taxes on work-related traffic congestion and preexisting distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation at the margin when revenues are returned in lump-sum transfers. The resulting efficiency loss in the labor market can be larger than the Pigouvian efficiency gains from internalizing the congestion externality. By contrast, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes, the net impact on the labor supply is positive and the efficiency gain in the labor market can raise the overall welfare gains of the congestion tax by as much as 100 percent. Recycling congestion tax revenues in public transit subsidies produces a positive, but smaller, impact on the labor supply. In short, Parry and Bento's results indicate that the presence of preexisting tax distortions, and the form of revenue recycling, can crucially affect the size - and possibly even the sign - of the welfare effect of road pricing schemes. The efficiency gains from recycling congestion tax revenues in other tax reductions can amount to several times the Pigouvian welfare gains from congestion reduction. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the cost-effectiveness of alternative transport policies. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project The Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Transport Policies (RPO 683-39). Copies of this paper are available free. Please contact Roula Yazigi, email address ryazigi@worldbank.org. The authors may be contacted at parry@rff.org or abento@worldbank.org.

Congestion --- Congestion Reduction --- Costs --- Costs Of Travel --- Externalities --- Fuel --- Fuel Consumption --- Infrastructure --- Policies --- Public Trans Public Transit Subsidies --- Road --- Road Pricing --- Road Traffic --- Tax --- Taxes --- Traffic --- Traffic Congestion --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Vehicle --- Vehicle Miles

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Road pricing is not a new concept—toll roads have existed in Australia since Governor Macquarie established one from Sydney to Parramatta in 1811—and distance-based charging schemes have been trialled and implemented with varying success overseas. But how would full market reform of roads look in a federation like Australia? In its responses to the 2016 Australian Infrastructure Plan and the 2015 Competition Policy Review, the Australian Government explicitly supported investigating cost-reflective road pricing as a long-term reform option, and has committed to establishing a study chaired by an eminent Australian to look into the potential impacts of road pricing reform on road users. The challenges we face in this space are manifold and complex, and we still have a long road ahead of us. However, with advocacy for reform coming from interest groups as diverse as governments, private transport companies, peak industry bodies, policy think tanks and state motoring clubs, there is now more support than ever before for changing the way we provide for and fund our roads. This book seeks to advance the road reform agenda by presenting some of the latest thinking on road pricing and provision from a variety of disciplinary approaches—researchers, economists and public sector leaders. It stresses the need for reform to ensure Australians can enjoy the benefits of efficient and sustainable transport infrastructure as our population and major metropolitan cities continue to grow. Traffic congestion is avoidable, but we must act soon. The works presented here all point to the need for change—the expertise and the technology are available, and the various reform options have been mapped out in some detail. It is time for the policy debate to shift to how, rather than if, road reform should progress.

Transportation --- Roads --- Privatization --- Land use --- Planning. --- Finance. --- Government policy --- Land --- Land utilization --- Use of land --- Utilization of land --- Economics --- Land cover --- Landscape assessment --- NIMBY syndrome --- Denationalization --- Privatisation --- Contracting out --- Corporatization --- Government ownership --- Highway finance --- Transportation planning --- Toll roads --- taxation --- road pricing --- Australia --- Congestion pricing --- Fuel tax --- Infrastructure --- Singapore --- Transport