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"This comprehensive Commentary provides the first fully up-to-date analysis and interpretation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. It offers a concise yet thorough article-by-article guide to the Convention's anti-trafficking standards and corresponding human rights obligations. This Commentary includes an analysis of each article's drafting history, alongside a contextualisation of its provisions with other anti-trafficking standards and a discussion of the core issues of interpretation. The Commentary also presents the first full exploration of the findings of the Convention's monitoring body, the Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA), providing a better understanding of the practical implications and challenges in relation to the Convention's standards. Practitioners in the field of anti-trafficking, including lawyers, law enforcement agencies and providers of victim support services will find the Commentary's concise analysis invaluable. It will also prove useful to researchers and students of human rights law, as well as to policymakers looking for guidance concerning obligations stemming from the Convention"--

Human trafficking --- Emigration and immigration law. --- LAW / Emigration & Immigration. --- Emigration and immigration --- Immigrants --- Immigration law --- Law, Emigration --- Law, Immigration --- International travel regulations --- Forced prostitution (Human trafficking) --- People trafficking --- Sex trafficking --- Traffic in persons --- Trafficking in human beings --- Trafficking in persons --- White slave traffic --- White slavery --- Sex crimes --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings --- Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings --- Human Rights-Based Approach --- human rights obligations --- GRETA --- Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking commentary --- Palermo Protocol --- White slave traffic (Human trafficking) --- White slavery (Human trafficking) --- Offenses against the person --- Europe. --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia

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An increasing number of people live in cities. In recent decades, this, combined with rural abandonment and landscape polarisation, has resulted in high land ownership concentrations and agricultural intensification. This, in turn, has resulted in a significant decrease in the resilience of agriculture and overall food systems and threatens the maintenance of traditional indigenous and peasant farming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reconnect society with the sustainable use of agroecosystems by fostering resilient social–ecological systems, emphasising the links between the functioning of natural systems and human well-being, and stressing the benefits that people derive from them. This Special Issue aims to highlight impactful research and commentaries that focus on attempts to connect people with nature for the promotion of sustainable agricultural transitions. This Issue embraces inter- and trans-disciplinary studies from multiple disciplines (e.g., agricultural sciences, environmental sciences, geography, economy, and sociology), as well as those incorporating other knowledge systems (e.g., local and indigenous) in the co-construction of knowledge for sustainable agriculture, including studies in rural areas (e.g., GIAHS or HNV farmland) and initiatives that address urban–rural relationships or those developed within metropolitan areas (e.g., community-supported agriculture, food hubs, domestic gardens, multifunctional agriculture, and farmers´ or consumers´ cooperatives) and studies assessing the societal and ecological impacts of those initiatives.

Research & information: general --- community supported agriculture --- alternative food networks --- spatial proximity --- relational proximity --- cross-national case study --- sustainable agriculture --- rural-urban interaction --- agroecology --- youth --- human-nature connectedness --- sustainability transitions --- depopulation --- ecological agriculture --- water conservation --- double-hurdle model --- interpretative structural modeling --- adoptions --- threatened plant --- agriculture --- Spain --- land use --- conservation --- human-nature reconnection --- cultural landscapes --- drivers of change --- landscape planning --- landscape stewardship --- mixed methods --- participatory governance --- rural abandonment --- stakeholder inclusion --- urban growth --- participatory mapping --- ecosystem services --- demand --- PGIS --- agricultural landscapes --- human nature connectedness --- agricultural innovations --- multi-level perspective --- agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) --- conservative agriculture practices --- knowledge co-production --- mediterranean horticulture --- integrated pest management --- greenhouses --- soil health --- biological control --- pond naturalisation --- collective action --- socio-ecological systems --- sustainable agricultural transition --- consumers/citizens --- sustainable consumption --- innovative business models --- alternative agri-food networks (AAFNs) --- human–nature connectedness (HNC) --- multi-level perspective (MLP) --- community-supported agriculture (CSA) --- cooperatives --- food systems governance --- public policy --- inclusive multilateralism --- rights-based approach --- biodiversity --- climate change --- nature --- foodshed archipelago --- proximity food supply chains --- spatial signature --- city-region --- food self-sufficiency --- regional food security --- agricultural diversification --- food planning --- regional food system --- food policy --- socioecological systems --- local identity --- world heritage site --- n/a --- human-nature connectedness (HNC)

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As a dynamic interface between agriculture and forestry, agroforestry has only recently been formally recognized as a relevant part of land use with ‘trees outside forest’ in important parts of the world—but not everywhere yet. The Sustainable Development Goals have called attention to the need for the multifunctionality of landscapes that simultaneously contribute to multiple goals. In the UN decade of landscape restoration, as well as in response to the climate change urgency and biodiversity extinction crisis, an increase in global tree cover is widely seen as desirable, but its management by farmers or forest managers remains contested. Agroforestry research relates tree–soil–crop–livestock interactions at the plot level with landscape-level analysis of social-ecological systems and efforts to transcend the historical dichotomy between forest and agriculture as separate policy domains. An ‘ecosystem services’ perspective quantifies land productivity, flows of water, net greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity conservation, and combines an ‘actor’ perspective (farmer, landscape manager) with that of ‘downstream’ stakeholders (in the same watershed, ecologically conscious consumers elsewhere, global citizens) and higher-level regulators designing land-use policies and spatial zoning.

Research & information: general --- carbon storage --- cacao agroforestry --- farmer tree preference --- utility value --- entrainment --- erosion --- forest conversion --- overland flow --- soil macroporosity --- throughfall --- water balance --- boundary work --- ecohydrology --- forest-water-people nexus --- landscape approach --- participatory methods --- scenario evaluation --- social-ecological systems --- tropical forests --- assisted natural regeneration (ANR) --- co-investment --- ecosystem services --- environmental stewardship --- equity --- forest and landscape restoration (FLR) --- rights-based approach --- tree planting --- water --- coffee --- fruit trees --- index of root anchoring --- slope stability --- soil shear strength --- root length density --- root tensile strength --- agroforestry --- carbon sequestration --- climate change mitigation --- grazing management --- land restoration --- nationally determined contribution --- silvopastoral --- tree cover --- cocoa agroforestry --- climate adaptation --- soil restoration --- soil organic carbon --- soil macro-porosity --- soil water availability --- inceptisols --- Fraxinus dimorpha --- soil chemical characteristics --- mycorrhizal attributes --- traditional ecological knowledge --- anastomosis --- agroforest --- silvopasture --- economics --- financial analysis --- carbon payment --- Peru --- innovation transfer --- trimming --- intention --- participatory and integrative research-extension --- stakeholders --- adaptation --- Kisumu --- Bungoma --- payment for ecosystem services --- village savings and loan associations --- fruit tree-based agroforestry --- economic benefits --- farmer perspectives --- resource competition --- systems improvement --- uptake and expansion --- cost-benefit analysis --- landscape restoration --- global --- stocktake --- agroforestry coffee --- shade tree species --- pairwise ranking --- Vietnam --- trees on farm --- options by context --- on-farm planned comparison --- tree seedling survival --- agriculture sector --- cost efficiency --- land suitability --- potential expansion areas --- representative concentration pathway --- cocoa --- Java --- livelihoods --- rural-urban --- remittances --- returning migrants --- Sumatra --- Sulawesi --- certification --- deforestation --- palm oil --- forest classification --- Jambi --- legality --- independent smallholders --- agroforestry concessions --- West Kalimantan --- land-use change --- belowground biodiversity --- soil engineers --- Pontoscolex corethrurus --- natural habitats --- planted forest --- artesian wells --- Oryza --- paddy cultivation --- restoration --- rodents --- sustainable intensification --- Mount Bromo-Tengger --- coinvestment --- instrumental values --- landscape --- relational values --- social-ecological systems --- stewardship --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- trees --- carbon storage --- cacao agroforestry --- farmer tree preference --- utility value --- entrainment --- erosion --- forest conversion --- overland flow --- soil macroporosity --- throughfall --- water balance --- boundary work --- ecohydrology --- forest-water-people nexus --- landscape approach --- participatory methods --- scenario evaluation --- social-ecological systems --- tropical forests --- assisted natural regeneration (ANR) --- co-investment --- ecosystem services --- environmental stewardship --- equity --- forest and landscape restoration (FLR) --- rights-based approach --- tree planting --- water --- coffee --- fruit trees --- index of root anchoring --- slope stability --- soil shear strength --- root length density --- root tensile strength --- agroforestry --- carbon sequestration --- climate change mitigation --- grazing management --- land restoration --- nationally determined contribution --- silvopastoral --- tree cover --- cocoa agroforestry --- climate adaptation --- soil restoration --- soil organic carbon --- soil macro-porosity --- soil water availability --- inceptisols --- Fraxinus dimorpha --- soil chemical characteristics --- mycorrhizal attributes --- traditional ecological knowledge --- anastomosis --- agroforest --- silvopasture --- economics --- financial analysis --- carbon payment --- Peru --- innovation transfer --- trimming --- intention --- participatory and integrative research-extension --- stakeholders --- adaptation --- Kisumu --- Bungoma --- payment for ecosystem services --- village savings and loan associations --- fruit tree-based agroforestry --- economic benefits --- farmer perspectives --- resource competition --- systems improvement --- uptake and expansion --- cost-benefit analysis --- landscape restoration --- global --- stocktake --- agroforestry coffee --- shade tree species --- pairwise ranking --- Vietnam --- trees on farm --- options by context --- on-farm planned comparison --- tree seedling survival --- agriculture sector --- cost efficiency --- land suitability --- potential expansion areas --- representative concentration pathway --- cocoa --- Java --- livelihoods --- rural-urban --- remittances --- returning migrants --- Sumatra --- Sulawesi --- certification --- deforestation --- palm oil --- forest classification --- Jambi --- legality --- independent smallholders --- agroforestry concessions --- West Kalimantan --- land-use change --- belowground biodiversity --- soil engineers --- Pontoscolex corethrurus --- natural habitats --- planted forest --- artesian wells --- Oryza --- paddy cultivation --- restoration --- rodents --- sustainable intensification --- Mount Bromo-Tengger --- coinvestment --- instrumental values --- landscape --- relational values --- social-ecological systems --- stewardship --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- trees

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As a dynamic interface between agriculture and forestry, agroforestry has only recently been formally recognized as a relevant part of land use with ‘trees outside forest’ in important parts of the world—but not everywhere yet. The Sustainable Development Goals have called attention to the need for the multifunctionality of landscapes that simultaneously contribute to multiple goals. In the UN decade of landscape restoration, as well as in response to the climate change urgency and biodiversity extinction crisis, an increase in global tree cover is widely seen as desirable, but its management by farmers or forest managers remains contested. Agroforestry research relates tree–soil–crop–livestock interactions at the plot level with landscape-level analysis of social-ecological systems and efforts to transcend the historical dichotomy between forest and agriculture as separate policy domains. An ‘ecosystem services’ perspective quantifies land productivity, flows of water, net greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity conservation, and combines an ‘actor’ perspective (farmer, landscape manager) with that of ‘downstream’ stakeholders (in the same watershed, ecologically conscious consumers elsewhere, global citizens) and higher-level regulators designing land-use policies and spatial zoning.

carbon storage --- cacao agroforestry --- farmer tree preference --- utility value --- entrainment --- erosion --- forest conversion --- overland flow --- soil macroporosity --- throughfall --- water balance --- boundary work --- ecohydrology --- forest–water–people nexus --- landscape approach --- participatory methods --- scenario evaluation --- social-ecological systems --- tropical forests --- assisted natural regeneration (ANR) --- co-investment --- ecosystem services --- environmental stewardship --- equity --- forest and landscape restoration (FLR) --- rights-based approach --- tree planting --- water --- coffee --- fruit trees --- index of root anchoring --- slope stability --- soil shear strength --- root length density --- root tensile strength --- agroforestry --- carbon sequestration --- climate change mitigation --- grazing management --- land restoration --- nationally determined contribution --- silvopastoral --- tree cover --- cocoa agroforestry --- climate adaptation --- soil restoration --- soil organic carbon --- soil macro-porosity --- soil water availability --- inceptisols --- Fraxinus dimorpha --- soil chemical characteristics --- mycorrhizal attributes --- traditional ecological knowledge --- anastomosis --- agroforest --- silvopasture --- economics --- financial analysis --- carbon payment --- Peru --- innovation transfer --- trimming --- intention --- participatory and integrative research-extension --- stakeholders --- adaptation --- Kisumu --- Bungoma --- payment for ecosystem services --- village savings and loan associations --- fruit tree-based agroforestry --- economic benefits --- farmer perspectives --- resource competition --- systems improvement --- uptake and expansion --- cost-benefit analysis --- landscape restoration --- global --- stocktake --- agroforestry coffee --- shade tree species --- pairwise ranking --- Vietnam --- trees on farm --- options by context --- on-farm planned comparison --- tree seedling survival --- agriculture sector --- cost efficiency --- land suitability --- potential expansion areas --- representative concentration pathway --- cocoa --- Java --- livelihoods --- rural–urban --- remittances --- returning migrants --- Sumatra --- Sulawesi --- certification --- deforestation --- palm oil --- forest classification --- Jambi --- legality --- independent smallholders --- agroforestry concessions --- West Kalimantan --- land-use change --- belowground biodiversity --- soil engineers --- Pontoscolex corethrurus --- natural habitats --- planted forest --- artesian wells --- Oryza --- paddy cultivation --- restoration --- rodents --- sustainable intensification --- Mount Bromo-Tengger --- coinvestment --- instrumental values --- landscape --- relational values --- social–ecological systems --- stewardship --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- trees --- n/a --- forest-water-people nexus --- rural-urban