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Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and their chemical analogs have been utilized as building materials due to their biocompatibility and programmability. RNA, which naturally possesses a wide range of different functions, is now being widely investigated for its role as a responsive biomaterial which dynamically reacts to changes in the surrounding environment. It is now evident that artificially designed self-assembling RNAs, that can form programmable nanoparticles and supra-assemblies, will play an increasingly important part in a diverse range of applications, such as macromolecular therapies, drug delivery systems, biosensing, tissue engineering, programmable scaffolds for material organization, logic gates, and soft actuators, to name but a few. The current exciting Special Issue comprises research highlights, short communications, research articles, and reviews that all bring together the leading scientists who are exploring a wide range of the fundamental properties of RNA and DNA nanoassemblies suitable for biomedical applications.

cotranscriptional folding --- n/a --- RNA --- conditionally activated --- i-motif DNA --- spinal cord tumor --- fluorescence --- dynamic --- stability --- functional RNA --- ribozyme --- biological media --- RNA aptamers --- gene therapy --- biosensors --- viral vector --- ganciclovir --- RNA self-assembly --- RNA nanoparticle --- gene delivery --- riboswitch --- non-viral gene delivery --- NANPs --- silver nanoclusters --- small-angle neutron scattering --- contrast variation --- aptamers --- RNA logic --- fluorogenic RNA --- glioblastoma multiforme --- RNA interference --- nucleic acid nanoparticles --- immunostimulation --- aggregation --- small-angle X-ray scattering --- non-viral vector --- light-up aptamer --- nucleic acid therapeutic --- live-cell imaging --- DNA nanotechnology --- nucleic acid computing --- nanopores --- structural characterization --- siRNA --- suicide gene therapy --- nucleic acid nanoparticle --- cytosine rich sequences --- RNA nanotechnology --- logic gates --- serum --- conditional activation

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Life in biological systems is maintained by the cooperative actions of various biomolecules. With the development of chemical and biological technologies related to nucleic acids, the details of the mechanisms of such cooperative actions between nucleic acids and other biomolecules have been elucidated and further applied in various applications. In the papers published in this Special Issue, advanced research works involved in nucleic acid conjugates are reported in wide application fields, such as artificial gene regulation, biomolecular sensing, and therapeutics from leading scientists in nucleic acids chemistry and engineering.

fluorescent probe --- conjugate --- abasic site --- DNA --- microRNA --- RNA binding protein --- PUF --- RNA regulation --- DNA-protein conjugate --- replication initiation protein --- DNA aptamer --- BRET-based biosensor --- oligonucleotide --- crosslink --- nucleic acid binding protein --- cytosine methyltransferase --- mRNA --- poly(A) tail --- artificial viral capsid --- encapsulation --- nanocapsule --- self-assembly --- β-annulus peptide --- peptide-DNA conjugate --- PNA --- invasion --- NLS --- drug delivery system --- anticancer drug --- camptothecin derivative --- irinotecan --- ribonucleopeptide (RNP) --- RNA-peptide conjugate --- Schiff base --- aptamer --- fluorescent sensors --- therapeutic nucleic acid --- drug delivery --- nanoparticles --- cytotoxicity --- macrophages --- cellular uptake --- small interfering RNA --- multiple sclerosis --- repulsive guidance molecule a --- catalytic RNA --- group I ribozyme --- RNA nanostructure --- RNA nanotechnology --- RNA-protein complex --- trans-splicing --- n/a

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Studying the origin of life is one of man’s greatest achievements over the last sixty years. The fields of interest encompassed by this quest are multiple and interdisciplinary: chemistry, physics, biology, biochemistry, mathematics, geology but also statistics, atmospheric science, meteorology, oceanography, and astrophysics. Recent scientific discoveries, such as water on Mars and the existence of super-Earths with atmospheres similar to primordial Earth, have pushed researchers to simulate prebiotic conditions in explaining the abiotic formation of molecules essential to life. This collection of articles offers an overview of recent discoveries in the field of prebiotic chemistry of biomolecules, their formation and selection, and the evolution of complex chemical systems.

minerals --- n/a --- inosine --- carbamic acid --- prebiotic chemistry --- pentopyranose nucleic acid --- catalysis --- MVC architecture pattern and biological information --- carbon dioxide-ammonia ices --- stability as a selection pressure --- ribozyme and tRNA --- translation and the genetic code --- AnyLogic software for computer simulation of translation machine --- Darwinian evolution --- prebiotic information system --- genetic code origin --- electrochemistry --- coevolution of translation machine and the genetic code --- digit multiplicity --- thermodynamic bottleneck --- abasic oligomers --- selection --- nucleotide stability --- AICAR --- tRNA-synthetase --- hypercycle --- nucleotide oligomerization --- origin of life --- thioester --- dry-wet cycles --- Chemomimesis --- population growth --- tRNA and mRNA --- diversity --- early peptides --- Molecular Darwinism --- tRNA accretion model --- replication --- aldol reaction --- hydrothermal vents --- base pairing --- numerical codons --- abiogenesis --- purine precursor --- peptide/RNA world --- information --- ab initio molecular dynamics --- RNA --- cysteine --- nucleotide and nucleoside synthesis --- thiol-rich peptides --- novel metalloproteins --- transmission --- function --- energy currency --- anharmonicity --- arabinopyranose nucleic acid --- bridge peptide and aaRS --- aminonitriles --- mechanochemistry --- prebiotic polymerization --- origins of life --- encoding --- carbon fixation --- infrared spectra --- phosphoryl transfer --- metabolism --- growth order --- layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay --- molecular clocks --- Monte Carlo --- binary patterned amino acid sequences --- network expansion simulation --- prebiotic soup --- nucleotidyltransferases --- mixed anhydride --- phosphates --- translation --- ribosome --- pentose diphosphate --- monosaccharides --- systems chemistry --- reduction --- imidazoles --- protein design

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Antiviral agents are used for the treatment of viral diseases. Antiviral drugs have been successfully developed and used clinically for a limited number of important human viral diseases notably caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes, and influenza viruses. Despite the successes of these antiviral drugs, issues with drug resistance and toxicity remain challenging. These challenges are driving research to identify new drug candidates and to investigate novel drug targets to develop new mechanistic drug classes. Antiviral agents are not available against many viruses that cause human disease and economic burdens; in particular, the development of antiviral agents against emerging, re-emerging, and neglected viruses is increasingly becoming a priority. This book includes six review articles that discuss new antiviral strategies. The reviews either discuss advances relating to a specific virus or new therapeutic targets and approaches. The book includes 15 original research articles reporting new antiviral agents against a variety of clinically and economically important viruses and studies into the prevalence or acquisition of drug resistance. Overall, this book is an exciting collection of new research and ideas relating to the development of antiviral agents.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zika virus --- nucleoside analogues --- antiviral agents --- NS5 --- prodrugs --- ProTides --- neural stem cells --- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase --- cytomegalovirus --- latent infection --- TALEN --- Surveyor nuclease mutation detection assay --- ie-1 gene --- quantitative real-time PCR --- Epstein-Barr virus --- herpes viruses --- lytic gene expression --- Burkitt lymphoma cells --- clozapine --- antipsychotic drug --- antiviral drug --- enteroviruses --- coxsackievirus B4 --- persistent infection --- fluoxetine --- resistance --- mutations --- herpes B virus --- macacine herpesvirus-1 --- genistein --- flavonoids --- acyclovir --- ganciclovir --- Plantago asiatica --- Clerodendrum trichotomum --- RSV --- therapeutic effects --- acteoside --- human antimicrobial peptides --- antiviral strategies --- defensins --- cathelicidins --- hepcidins --- transferrins --- influenza A virus --- brevilin A --- antiviral --- sesquiterpene lactone --- replication --- PRRSV --- polyethylenimine --- PEI --- virion internalization --- endocytosis --- HIV --- pediatrics --- Ethiopia --- pre-treatment drug resistance --- combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) --- dried plasma spots --- dried blood spots --- sphingolipids --- glycosphingolipids --- viruses --- lipid biosynthesis --- flavivirus --- Japanese encephalitis virus --- furin inhibitor --- precursor membrane protein --- measles virus --- central nervous system --- tropism --- treatments --- porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus --- ginsenoside Rg1 --- antiviral activity --- pro-inflammatory factor --- NF-κB signaling pathway --- acute/latent infection --- congenital infection --- antiviral agent --- therapeutic strategies --- nucleic acid-based therapeutic approach --- HCMV vaccine --- adoptive cell therapy --- Rev response element --- chemical footprinting --- SHAPE --- drug discovery --- branched peptides --- herpesvirus --- immediate-early --- IE1 --- IE2 --- ribozyme --- RNA interference --- CRISPR/Cas --- small molecule --- orthohantavirus --- phenyl-benzotriazoles --- C-FRA --- Porcine circovirus type 2 --- epigallocatechin gallate --- heparan sulfate --- antiviral effect --- virus attachment --- microvirin --- lectin --- human immunodeficiency virus --- hepatitis C virus --- antiviral inhibitor --- non-immunogenic --- viral entry --- protein drugs --- LUMS1 --- oleanane-type derivatives --- influenza A virus (IAV) --- virus entry inhibitors --- hemagglutinin (HA) --- Zika virus --- nucleoside analogues --- antiviral agents --- NS5 --- prodrugs --- ProTides --- neural stem cells --- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase --- cytomegalovirus --- latent infection --- TALEN --- Surveyor nuclease mutation detection assay --- ie-1 gene --- quantitative real-time PCR --- Epstein-Barr virus --- herpes viruses --- lytic gene expression --- Burkitt lymphoma cells --- clozapine --- antipsychotic drug --- antiviral drug --- enteroviruses --- coxsackievirus B4 --- persistent infection --- fluoxetine --- resistance --- mutations --- herpes B virus --- macacine herpesvirus-1 --- genistein --- flavonoids --- acyclovir --- ganciclovir --- Plantago asiatica --- Clerodendrum trichotomum --- RSV --- therapeutic effects --- acteoside --- human antimicrobial peptides --- antiviral strategies --- defensins --- cathelicidins --- hepcidins --- transferrins --- influenza A virus --- brevilin A --- antiviral --- sesquiterpene lactone --- replication --- PRRSV --- polyethylenimine --- PEI --- virion internalization --- endocytosis --- HIV --- pediatrics --- Ethiopia --- pre-treatment drug resistance --- combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) --- dried plasma spots --- dried blood spots --- sphingolipids --- glycosphingolipids --- viruses --- lipid biosynthesis --- flavivirus --- Japanese encephalitis virus --- furin inhibitor --- precursor membrane protein --- measles virus --- central nervous system --- tropism --- treatments --- porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus --- ginsenoside Rg1 --- antiviral activity --- pro-inflammatory factor --- NF-κB signaling pathway --- acute/latent infection --- congenital infection --- antiviral agent --- therapeutic strategies --- nucleic acid-based therapeutic approach --- HCMV vaccine --- adoptive cell therapy --- Rev response element --- chemical footprinting --- SHAPE --- drug discovery --- branched peptides --- herpesvirus --- immediate-early --- IE1 --- IE2 --- ribozyme --- RNA interference --- CRISPR/Cas --- small molecule --- orthohantavirus --- phenyl-benzotriazoles --- C-FRA --- Porcine circovirus type 2 --- epigallocatechin gallate --- heparan sulfate --- antiviral effect --- virus attachment --- microvirin --- lectin --- human immunodeficiency virus --- hepatitis C virus --- antiviral inhibitor --- non-immunogenic --- viral entry --- protein drugs --- LUMS1 --- oleanane-type derivatives --- influenza A virus (IAV) --- virus entry inhibitors --- hemagglutinin (HA)