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With its expanding legal system and its burgeoning throngs of lawyers, legates, and documents, the papacy of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries has often been credited with spearheading a governmental revolution that molded the high medieval church into an increasingly disciplined, uniform, and machine-like institution. Reimagining Christendom offers a fresh appraisal of these developments from a surprising and distinctive vantage point. Tracing the web of textual ties that connected the northern fringes of Europe to the Roman see, Joel D. Anderson explores the ways in which Norse writers recruited, refashioned, and repurposed the legal principles and official documents of the Roman church for their own ends.Drawing on little-known vernacular sagas, Reimagining Christendom is populated with tales of married bishops, fictitious and forged papal bulls, and imagined canon law proceedings. These narratives, Anderson argues, demonstrate how Norse writers adapted and reconfigured the institutional power of the church in order to legitimize some of the thoroughly abnormal practices of their native bishops. In the process, Icelandic clerics constructed their own visions of ecclesiastical order—visions that underscore the thoroughly malleable character of the Roman church’s text-based government and that articulate diverse ways of belonging to the far-flung imagined community of high medieval Christendom.

HISTORY / Medieval. --- Catholicism. --- Christendom. --- Christianization. --- High Middle Ages. --- Iceland. --- Norway. --- Old Norse. --- Roman church. --- Scandinavian studies. --- bishops. --- canon law. --- ecclesiastical culture. --- imagined communities. --- literacy. --- medieval. --- papal bull. --- revisionist history. --- sagas. --- saints. --- thirteenth fourteenth century. --- vernacular.

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Comic Books Incorporated tells the story of the US comic book business, reframing the history of the medium through an industrial and transmedial lens. Comic books wielded their influence from the margins and in-between spaces of the entertainment business for half a century before moving to the center of mainstream film and television production. This extraordinary history begins at the medium's origin in the 1930s, when comics were a reviled, disorganized, and lowbrow mass medium, and surveys critical moments along the way-market crashes, corporate takeovers, upheavals in distribution, and financial transformations. Shawna Kidman concludes this revisionist history in the early 2000s, when Hollywood had fully incorporated comic book properties and strategies into its business models and transformed the medium into the heavily exploited, exceedingly corporate, and yet highly esteemed niche art form we know so well today.

Motion pictures and comic books --- Comic books, strips, etc. --- History --- 1930s. --- america. --- business models. --- comic books business. --- corporate takeovers. --- entertainment business. --- financial transformations. --- history of comic books. --- hollywood. --- industrial. --- influence. --- mainstream film. --- mainstream television. --- market crashes. --- mass medium. --- niche art. --- production. --- revisionist history. --- trans medial lens. --- united states. --- upheavals in distribution.

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This vividly detailed revisionist history opens a new vista on the great Ottoman Empire in the early nineteenth century, a key period often seen as the eve of Tanzimat westernizing reforms and the beginning of three distinct histories-ethnic nationalism in the Balkans, imperial modernization from Istanbul, and European colonialism in the Middle East. Christine Philliou brilliantly shines a new light on imperial crisis and change in the 1820's and 1830's by unearthing the life of one man. Stephanos Vogorides (1780-1859) was part of a network of Christian elites known phanariots, institutionally excluded from power yet intimately bound up with Ottoman governance. By tracing the contours of the wide-ranging networks-crossing ethnic, religious, and institutional boundaries-in which the phanariots moved, Philliou provides a unique view of Ottoman power and, ultimately, of the Ottoman legacies in the Middle East and Balkans today. What emerges is a wide-angled analysis of governance as a lived experience at a moment in which there was no clear blueprint for power.

Phanariots --- History --- Vogorides, Stephanos, --- Turkey --- 19th century european history. --- 19th century global history. --- 19th century northern african history. --- 19th century western asian history. --- christian elite. --- christianity. --- colonialism. --- great ottoman empire. --- groundbreaking. --- history. --- imperial crisis. --- imperial modernization. --- imperialism. --- istanbul. --- late ottoman empire. --- middle east. --- military. --- modernization. --- nationalism. --- ottoman empire. --- phanariots. --- reform. --- religion. --- revisionist history. --- revolution. --- stephanos vogorides. --- tanzimat. --- the balkans. --- westernizing reforms.

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A radical shift took place in medieval Europe that still shapes contemporary intellectual life: freeing themselves from the fixed beliefs of the past, scholars began to determine and pursue their own avenues of academic inquiry. In Knowledge True and Useful, Frank Rexroth shows how, beginning in the 1070s, a new kind of knowledge arose in Latin Europe that for the first time could be deemed "scientific."In the twelfth century, when Peter Abelard proclaimed the primacy of reason in all areas of inquiry (and started an affair with his pupil Heloise), it was a scandal. But he was not the only one who wanted to devote his life to this new enterprise of "scholastic" knowledge. Rexroth explores how the first students and teachers of this movement came together in new groups and schools, examining their intellectual debates and disputes as well as the lifelong connections they forged with one another through the scholastic communities to which they belonged.Rexroth shows how the resulting transformations produced a new understanding of truth and the utility of learning, as well as a new perspective on the intellectual tradition and the division of knowledge into academic disciplines-marking a turning point in European intellectual culture that culminated in the birth of the university and, with it, traditions and forms of academic inquiry that continue to organize the pursuit of knowledge today.

Scholasticism --- History. --- Bernard of Clairvaux. --- Eremitic Ideal. --- German. --- Guild of Masters and Scholars. --- Oxford. --- Paris. --- Peter Abelard. --- Scholars' Guild. --- Scholasticism. --- Toledo. --- Walter of Mortagne. --- William of Champeaux. --- William of Saint-Thierry. --- academia. --- academic freedom. --- academic scientific inquiry. --- asceticism. --- cathedral school. --- debate. --- dialectic. --- history of science. --- history of the university. --- knowledge production. --- medieval philosophy. --- medieval universities. --- pedagogy. --- reason. --- revisionist history. --- scholars. --- social cultural context. --- social history of knowledge. --- teachers students. --- thought. --- translation. --- truth seeking. --- twelfth century. --- universities.