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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing’s disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters --- n/a --- Cushing's disease

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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing's disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing's disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters

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The issue of Cancers Journal entitled “Role of Medical Imaging in Cancers” presents a detailed summary of evidences about molecular imaging, including the role of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission tomography (SPET) and positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/CT or PET/MR imaging in many type of tumors (i.e. sarcoma, prostate, breast and others), motivating the role of these imaging modalities in different setting of disease and showing the recent developments, in terms of radiopharmaceuticals, software and artificial intelligence in this field. The collection of articles is very useful for many specialists, because it has been conceived for a multidisciplinary point of view, in order to drive to a personalized medicine.

Medicine. --- positron emission tomography --- head and neck neoplasms --- neovascularization --- pathologic --- PET/CT --- urothelial carcinoma --- bladder cancer --- upper tract urothelial carcinoma --- survival --- PET --- PSMA --- prostate --- DCFPyL --- DCFBC --- PSMA-1007 --- ovarian cancer --- relapse --- SUVmax --- targeted therapy --- prognosis --- soft tissue sarcoma (STS) --- pazopanib --- dynamic 18F-FDG PET/CT --- SUV --- two-tissue compartment model --- magnetic resonance imaging --- machine learning --- diffusion --- perfusion --- texture analysis --- squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck --- diffusion-weighted imaging --- malignant pleural mesothelioma --- pleural dissemination --- empyema --- pleural effusion --- mCRPC --- SPECT/CT --- Computer-assisted diagnosis --- XOFIGO --- Therapy response assessment --- circulating miRNAs --- breast cancer --- imaging parameters --- PET/MRI --- biomarkers --- triple negative breast cancer --- VCAM-1 --- SPECT imaging --- sdAbs --- Hounsfield unit --- computed tomography --- adipose tissue --- precision oncology --- FDG-PET/CT --- PERCIST --- metastatic breast cancer --- prostate cancer --- 18F-FACBC --- recurrence --- meta-analysis --- review --- meningioma --- somatostatin receptor --- neuroimaging --- radionuclide therapy --- breast --- imaging --- marker --- radiomics --- Yin Yang 1 --- PDAC --- Mesothelin --- noninvasive imaging --- receptor status --- molecular imaging --- nuclear medicine --- guidelines --- overutilization --- epistemology --- consensus --- mantle cell lymphoma --- 18F-FDG PET/CT --- Deauville criteria --- Radium-223 --- FDG --- castrate resistant prostate cancer --- programmed cell death 1 receptor --- diagnostic imaging --- CTLA-4 Antigen --- Immunotherapy --- Adoptive --- radioactive tracers --- radionuclide imaging --- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- PI-RADS --- diffusion kurtosis imaging --- dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging --- 68Gallium-PSMA PET/CT --- prostate-specific-antigen --- PSA kinetics thresholds --- biochemical recurrence --- optimal cutoff level --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- immunotherapy --- response to treatment --- head and neck cancer --- HPV --- EBV --- p16 --- Molecular imaging --- miRNA expression --- radiogenomics --- radiomic --- diagnosis --- biomarker --- glioblastoma --- radiation therapy --- MRI --- diffusion tensor imaging --- Hodgkin lymphoma --- diffuse large B-cell lymphoma --- staging --- response assessment --- locally advanced cervical cancer --- concurrent chemoradiotherapy --- treatment response --- follow up --- cystic tumor --- International Consensus Guidelines --- intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms --- pancreatic neoplasms --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- response to therapy --- NSCLC --- positron-emission tomography --- single-photon emission computed tomography --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- gold nanoparticle --- heat shock protein 70 --- spectral-CT --- positron emission tomography --- head and neck neoplasms --- neovascularization --- pathologic --- PET/CT --- urothelial carcinoma --- bladder cancer --- upper tract urothelial carcinoma --- survival --- PET --- PSMA --- prostate --- DCFPyL --- DCFBC --- PSMA-1007 --- ovarian cancer --- relapse --- SUVmax --- targeted therapy --- prognosis --- soft tissue sarcoma (STS) --- pazopanib --- dynamic 18F-FDG PET/CT --- SUV --- two-tissue compartment model --- magnetic resonance imaging --- machine learning --- diffusion --- perfusion --- texture analysis --- squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck --- diffusion-weighted imaging --- malignant pleural mesothelioma --- pleural dissemination --- empyema --- pleural effusion --- mCRPC --- SPECT/CT --- Computer-assisted diagnosis --- XOFIGO --- Therapy response assessment --- circulating miRNAs --- breast cancer --- imaging parameters --- PET/MRI --- biomarkers --- triple negative breast cancer --- VCAM-1 --- SPECT imaging --- sdAbs --- Hounsfield unit --- computed tomography --- adipose tissue --- precision oncology --- FDG-PET/CT --- PERCIST --- metastatic breast cancer --- prostate cancer --- 18F-FACBC --- recurrence --- meta-analysis --- review --- meningioma --- somatostatin receptor --- neuroimaging --- radionuclide therapy --- breast --- imaging --- marker --- radiomics --- Yin Yang 1 --- PDAC --- Mesothelin --- noninvasive imaging --- receptor status --- molecular imaging --- nuclear medicine --- guidelines --- overutilization --- epistemology --- consensus --- mantle cell lymphoma --- 18F-FDG PET/CT --- Deauville criteria --- Radium-223 --- FDG --- castrate resistant prostate cancer --- programmed cell death 1 receptor --- diagnostic imaging --- CTLA-4 Antigen --- Immunotherapy --- Adoptive --- radioactive tracers --- radionuclide imaging --- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- PI-RADS --- diffusion kurtosis imaging --- dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging --- 68Gallium-PSMA PET/CT --- prostate-specific-antigen --- PSA kinetics thresholds --- biochemical recurrence --- optimal cutoff level --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- immunotherapy --- response to treatment --- head and neck cancer --- HPV --- EBV --- p16 --- Molecular imaging --- miRNA expression --- radiogenomics --- radiomic --- diagnosis --- biomarker --- glioblastoma --- radiation therapy --- MRI --- diffusion tensor imaging --- Hodgkin lymphoma --- diffuse large B-cell lymphoma --- staging --- response assessment --- locally advanced cervical cancer --- concurrent chemoradiotherapy --- treatment response --- follow up --- cystic tumor --- International Consensus Guidelines --- intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms --- pancreatic neoplasms --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- response to therapy --- NSCLC --- positron-emission tomography --- single-photon emission computed tomography --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- gold nanoparticle --- heat shock protein 70 --- spectral-CT

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Medicine. --- positron emission tomography --- head and neck neoplasms --- neovascularization --- pathologic --- PET/CT --- urothelial carcinoma --- bladder cancer --- upper tract urothelial carcinoma --- survival --- PET --- PSMA --- prostate --- DCFPyL --- DCFBC --- PSMA-1007 --- ovarian cancer --- relapse --- SUVmax --- targeted therapy --- prognosis --- soft tissue sarcoma (STS) --- pazopanib --- dynamic 18F-FDG PET/CT --- SUV --- two-tissue compartment model --- magnetic resonance imaging --- machine learning --- diffusion --- perfusion --- texture analysis --- squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck --- diffusion-weighted imaging --- malignant pleural mesothelioma --- pleural dissemination --- empyema --- pleural effusion --- mCRPC --- SPECT/CT --- Computer-assisted diagnosis --- XOFIGO --- Therapy response assessment --- circulating miRNAs --- breast cancer --- imaging parameters --- PET/MRI --- biomarkers --- triple negative breast cancer --- VCAM-1 --- SPECT imaging --- sdAbs --- Hounsfield unit --- computed tomography --- adipose tissue --- precision oncology --- FDG-PET/CT --- PERCIST --- metastatic breast cancer --- prostate cancer --- 18F-FACBC --- recurrence --- meta-analysis --- review --- meningioma --- somatostatin receptor --- neuroimaging --- radionuclide therapy --- breast --- imaging --- marker --- radiomics --- Yin Yang 1 --- PDAC --- Mesothelin --- noninvasive imaging --- receptor status --- molecular imaging --- nuclear medicine --- guidelines --- overutilization --- epistemology --- consensus --- mantle cell lymphoma --- 18F-FDG PET/CT --- Deauville criteria --- Radium-223 --- FDG --- castrate resistant prostate cancer --- programmed cell death 1 receptor --- diagnostic imaging --- CTLA-4 Antigen --- Immunotherapy --- Adoptive --- radioactive tracers --- radionuclide imaging --- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- PI-RADS --- diffusion kurtosis imaging --- dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging --- 68Gallium-PSMA PET/CT --- prostate-specific-antigen --- PSA kinetics thresholds --- biochemical recurrence --- optimal cutoff level --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- immunotherapy --- response to treatment --- head and neck cancer --- HPV --- EBV --- p16 --- Molecular imaging --- miRNA expression --- radiogenomics --- radiomic --- diagnosis --- biomarker --- glioblastoma --- radiation therapy --- MRI --- diffusion tensor imaging --- Hodgkin lymphoma --- diffuse large B-cell lymphoma --- staging --- response assessment --- locally advanced cervical cancer --- concurrent chemoradiotherapy --- treatment response --- follow up --- cystic tumor --- International Consensus Guidelines --- intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms --- pancreatic neoplasms --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- response to therapy --- NSCLC --- positron-emission tomography --- single-photon emission computed tomography --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- gold nanoparticle --- heat shock protein 70 --- spectral-CT --- n/a