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The variety of social systems among the New World blackbirds (Family Icteridae) and the structural simplicity of their foraging environment provide excellent opportunities for testing theorics about the adaptive significance of their behavior. Here Gordon Orians presents the results of his many years of research on how blackbirds utilize their marsh environments during the breeding season. These results stem from information he gathered on three species during ten breeding seasons in the Pacific Northwest, on Red-winged blackbirds during two breeding seasons in Costa Rica, and on three species during one breeding season in Argentina. The author uses models derived from Darwin's theory of natural selection to predict the behavior and morphology of individuals as well as the statistical properties of their populations. First he tests models that predict habitat selection, foraging behavior, territoriality, and mate selection. Then he considers some population patterns, especially range of use of environmental resources and overlap among species, that may result from those individual attributes. Professor Orianns concludes with an overview of the structure of bird communities in marshes of the world and the relation of these patterns to overall source availability in these simple but productive habitats.
Animal ethology and ecology. Sociobiology --- Birds --- Adaptation (Biology). --- Blackbirds --- Marsh ecology. --- Resource partitioning (Ecology). --- Behavior. --- Marsh ecology --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Resource partitioning (Ecology) --- Adaptation (Biologie) --- Partage des ressources (Ecologie) --- Behavior
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We have written this book as a guide to the design and analysis of field studies of resource selection, concentrating primarily on statistical aspects of the comparison of the use and availability of resources of different types. Our intended audience is field ecologists in general and, in particular, wildlife and fisheries biologists who are attempting to measure the extent to which real animal populations are selective in their choice of food and habitat. As such, we have made no attempt to address those aspects of theoretical ecology that are concerned with how animals might choose their resources if they acted in an optimal manner. The book is based on the concept of a resource selection function (RSF), where this is a function of characteristics measured on resourceunits such that its value for a unit is proportional to the probability of that unit being used. We argue that this concept leads to a unified theory for the analysis and interpretation of data on resource selection and can replace many ad hoc statistical methods that have been used in the past.
Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- Mathematical statistics --- Animals --- Food preferences --- Habitat selection --- Zoology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Behavior --- Statistical methods --- Food --- Selection of habitat --- Animal ecology --- Habitat (Ecology) --- Resource partitioning (Ecology) --- Food selection --- Food habits --- Nutrition --- Taste --- Animal kingdom --- Beasts --- Fauna --- Native animals --- Native fauna --- Wild animals --- Wildlife --- Organisms --- Human-animal relationships --- Psychological aspects --- Statistical methods.
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Source-sink theories provide a simple yet powerful framework for understanding how the patterns, processes and dynamics of ecological systems vary and interact over space and time. Integrating multiple research fields, including population biology and landscape ecology, this book presents the latest advances in source-sink theories, methods and applications in the conservation and management of natural resources and biodiversity. The interdisciplinary team of authors uses detailed case studies, innovative field experiments and modeling, and comprehensive syntheses to incorporate source-sink ideas into research and management, and explores how sustainability can be achieved in today's increasingly fragile human-dominated ecosystems. Providing a comprehensive picture of source-sink research as well as tangible applications to real world conservation issues, this book is ideal for graduate students, researchers, natural-resource managers and policy makers.
ecology --- Landscape conservation --- Natural resources management --- Source sink relations --- Biodiversity --- comminution --- Sustainable development --- Animal populations --- Habitat selection. --- Animals --- Ecological heterogeneity. --- Ecosystem management. --- Research. --- Dispersal. --- Biotic communities --- Ecosystems management --- Applied ecology --- Environmental management --- Nature conservation --- Biodiversity conservation --- Heterogeneity, Ecological --- Ecology --- Fragmented landscapes --- Animal dispersal --- Dispersal of animals --- Selection of habitat --- Animal ecology --- Habitat (Ecology) --- Resource partitioning (Ecology) --- Demography, Wildlife --- Populations, Animal --- Wildlife demography --- Wildlife populations --- Population biology --- Management --- Habitat selection
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What is the minimum dimension of a niche space necessary to represent the overlaps among observed niches? This book presents a new technique for obtaining a partial answer to this elementary question about niche space. The author bases his technique on a relation between the combinatorial structure of food webs and the mathematical theory of interval graphs. Professor Cohen collects more than thirty food webs from the ecological literature and analyzes their statistical and combinatorial properties in detail. As a result, he is able to generalize: within habitats of a certain limited physical and temporal heterogeneity, the overlaps among niches, along their trophic (feeding) dimensions, can be represented in a one-dimensional niche space far more often than would be expected by chance alone and perhaps always. This compatibility has not previously been noticed. It indicates that real food webs fall in a small subset of the mathematically possible food webs. Professor Cohen discusses other apparently new features of real food webs, including the constant ratio of the number of kinds of prey to the number of kinds of predators in food webs that describe a community. In conclusion he discusses possible extensions and limitations of his results and suggests directions for future research.
Niche (Ecology) --- Food chains (Ecology) --- Accipiter. --- Conus. --- Desmognathus. --- Hawaii. --- Lake Nyasa. --- Monte Carlo simulation. --- algorithm. --- aspen forest. --- column average. --- column variance. --- composite community. --- creek. --- eating relation. --- feeding relation. --- gastropods. --- independence of niche dimensions. --- inequalities. --- intersection graph. --- marine bench. --- niche overlap graph. --- overlap. --- predator. --- pseudo-random food web. --- qualitative stability. --- resource partitioning. --- salamanders. --- sampling. --- sink food web. --- temperature. --- uniform distribution. --- variance test. --- Food chains (Ecology). --- Niche (Ecology).
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Species --- Resource partitioning (Ecology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Biotic communities --- 574.4 --- 575.824 --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Partitioning, Resource (Ecology) --- Competition (Biology) --- Ecology --- Niche (Ecology) --- Speciation (Biology) --- Genetics --- Hybridization --- Organisms --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Population biology --- Terrestrial biocoenoses and ecosystems. Biogeocoenoses. Biogeochemical cycles. Food chains --- Struggle for existence --- 575.824 Struggle for existence --- 574.4 Terrestrial biocoenoses and ecosystems. Biogeocoenoses. Biogeochemical cycles. Food chains --- Coexistence
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The variety of social systems among the New World blackbirds (Family Icteridae) and the structural simplicity of their foraging environment provide excellent opportunities for testing theorics about the adaptive significance of their behavior. Here Gordon Orians presents the results of his many years of research on how blackbirds utilize their marsh environments during the breeding season. These results stem from information he gathered on three species during ten breeding seasons in the Pacific Northwest, on Red-winged blackbirds during two breeding seasons in Costa Rica, and on three species during one breeding season in Argentina. The author uses models derived from Darwin's theory of natural selection to predict the behavior and morphology of individuals as well as the statistical properties of their populations. First he tests models that predict habitat selection, foraging behavior, territoriality, and mate selection. Then he considers some population patterns, especially range of use of environmental resources and overlap among species, that may result from those individual attributes. Professor Orianns concludes with an overview of the structure of bird communities in marshes of the world and the relation of these patterns to overall source availability in these simple but productive habitats.
Blackbirds --- Marsh ecology. --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Resource partitioning (Ecology) --- Birds --- Behavior. --- Behavior. --- Amblyramphus holosenceus. --- Board, V. V. --- Brown-and-Yellow Marshbird. --- Case, N. A. --- Corbet, P. S. --- Donacospiza albifrom. --- Furrer, R. K. --- Goddard, S. V. --- Hewitt, O. H. --- Holm, C. H. --- Horn, H. S. --- Icteridae. --- Kormondy, E. ]. --- Lack, D. --- Limnornis curvirostris. --- Meanley, B. --- Miller, R. S. --- NeflJ. A. --- Orians, G. H. --- Pearson, N. E. --- Searcy, W. A. --- Tachuns rubngastra. --- Warbling Doradito. --- Willson, M. F. --- Yellow-winged Blackbird. --- carp. --- central place foraging. --- conductivity, lake. --- eggs, first date of laying. --- gaping. --- parental investment. --- polygyny.
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