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Resistance heating.

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This IEEE recommended practice provides recommendations for the testing and start-up of electric heat tracing systems in power generating stations. The recommendations include the testing sequence of materials and components of the electric heat tracing system, installation, and pre-operational testing of the system, and verification of system performance.

Resistance heating. --- Electric heating.

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Electric heating. --- Resistance heating.

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General requirements, testing, markings, and documentation for skin effect trace heating systems for pipelines, vessels, equipment, and structures intended for use in general industrial applications are provided in this standard. This standard provides requirements when utilizing skin effect trace heating systems in ordinary as well as hazardous areas that have potentially explosive atmospheres.

Resistance heating. --- Skin effect (Electricity)

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Ultrasonic waves are nowadays used for multiple purposes including both low-intensity/high frequency and high-intensity/low-frequency ultrasound. Low-intensity ultrasound transmits energy through the medium in order to obtain information about the medium or to convey information through the medium. It is successfully used in non-destructive inspection, ultrasonic dynamic analysis, ultrasonic rheology, ultrasonic spectroscopy of materials, process monitoring, applications in civil engineering, aerospace and geological materials and structures, and in the characterization of biological media. Nowadays, it is an essential tool for assessing metals, plastics, aerospace composites, wood, concrete, and cement. High-intensity ultrasound deliberately affects the propagation medium through the high local temperatures and pressures generated. It is used in industrial processes such as welding, cleaning, emulsification, atomization, etc.; chemical reactions and reactor induced by ultrasonic waves; synthesis of organic and inorganic materials; microstructural effects; heat generation; accelerated material characterization by ultrasonic fatigue testing; food processing; and environmental protection. This book collects eleven papers, one review, and ten research papers with the aim to present recent advances in ultrasonic wave propagation applied for the characterization or the processing of materials. Both fundamental science and applications of ultrasound in the field of material characterization and material processing have been gathered.

ultrasonic lens --- axicon lens --- focused ultrasound --- transcranial ultrasound --- non-destructive inspection --- damage identification --- topology optimization --- ultrasonic wave propagation --- ultrasonic visualization --- L-shaped ultrasonic wave guide rod --- ultrasonic bending vibration --- 2A14 aluminum alloy --- solidification structure --- composition segregation --- 1060 aluminum alloy --- twin-roll casting --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- concrete --- mesostructure --- Lamb wave --- heterogeneity --- Monte Carlo method --- SHM --- ultrasound --- time of flight --- reinforcement --- resin transfer molding (RTM) --- permeability --- liquid composite molding --- material characterization --- composite manufacturing --- liquid penetration --- ultrasound transmission --- capillary penetration --- porous sheets --- bulk metallic glass --- ultrasonic assisted turning --- finite element analysis --- cutting force --- guided waves --- setting time --- mortar and concrete --- early age --- thermoplastic composites --- ultrasonic joints --- resistance heating --- elastography --- viscoelastic properties --- creep --- stress relaxation --- n/a