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In Indian School Road, journalist Chris Benjamin tackles the controversial and tragic history of the Shubenacadie Indian Residential School, its predecessors, and its lasting effects, giving voice to multiple perspectives for the first time. Benjamin integrates research, interviews, and testimonies to guide readers through the varied experiences of students, principals, and teachers over the school's nearly forty years of operation (1930-1967) and beyond. Exposing the raw wounds of Truth and Reconciliation as well as the struggle for an inclusive Mi'kmaw education system, Indian School Road is a comprehensive and compassionate narrative history of the school that uneducated hundreds of Aboriginal children.

Micmac Indians --- Abused Indian children --- Residential schools. --- Shubenacadie Indian Residential School. --- Mi'kmaq

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Entre 1867 et 2000, le gouvernement canadien a placé plus de 150 000 enfants autochtones dans des pensionnats d’un bout à l’autre du pays. Les autorités gouvernementales et les missionnaires étaient d’avis qu’afin de « civiliser et de christianiser » les enfants autochtones, il fallait les éloigner de leurs parents et de leur communauté d’origine respective. La vie de ces enfants au pensionnat était empreinte de solitude et d’exclusion. La discipline y était stricte et le déroulement du "idien, lui, fortement régenté. Les langues et les cultures autochtones étaient dénigrées et réprimées. L’éducation et la formation technique prenaient trop souvent la forme de corvées et de tâches ménagères assurant l’autonomie des pensionnats. La négligence à l’égard des enfants fut institutionnalisée et le manque de supervision donna lieu à des situations où les élèves furent victimes de sévices physiques et sexuels. Une poursuite judiciaire déposée par les anciens pensionnaires a mené, en 2008, à la mise sur pied de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada. Étant l’aboutissement de plus de six ans de recherche, le rapport final de la Commission présente l’histoire des pensionnats ainsi que leur héritage, et trace la voie de la réconciliation. Pensionnats du Canada : L’expérience métisse rend compte de la longueur et de la complexité de l’expérience des Métis dans les pensionnats du Canada. Celle-ci ne met pas seulement en cause le gouvernement fédéral et les autorités religieuses, mais aussi les administrations provinciales et territoriales. Les Églises souhaitant convertir autant d’enfants autochtones que possible, elles ne s’opposèrent pas à l’admission d’enfants métis. À Saint-Paul-des-Métis, en Alberta, les missionnaires catholiques romains fondèrent au début du XXe siècle un pensionnat sur mesure pour ces enfants, tandis que les anglicans établissaient des foyers pour ceux du Yukon dans les années 1920 et 1950. La politique du gouvernement fédéral sur l’éducation des enfants métis était constamment redéfinie. À certains moments, le gouvernement considérait que les Métis faisaient partie de « classes dangereuses » que les pensionnats allaient civiliser et assimiler. Cette vision a mené à divers moments à l’adoption de politiques permettant l’admission de ces enfants. Toutefois, sur le plan de la juridiction, le gouvernement fédéral croyait que la responsabilité d’éduquer et d’assimiler les Métis revenait aux gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux. Lorsque cette vision avait cours, les agents des Indiens avaient souvent l’ordre de retirer les enfants métis des pensionnats. Comme les gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux hésitaient à fournir des services à cette communauté, de nombreux parents métis souhaitant faire instruire leurs enfants dans une école n’avaient d’autre option que de tenter de les faire admettre dans un pensionnat. Lorsque les gouvernements provinciaux ont commencé à fournir davantage de services d’éducation aux élèves métis après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, bon nombre de ces enfants vivaient dans des foyers ou des pensionnats dirigés ou financés par ces mêmes gouvernements. Il reste beaucoup à faire pour déterminer l’impact que ces établissements ont eu sur les enfants métis, leur famille et leurs communautés, et pour corriger la situation.

Inuit --- Innuit --- Inupik --- Eskimos --- Residential schools. --- Education. --- Government relations. --- Social conditions. --- History. --- Indigenous children --- Native children --- Aboriginal children --- Children --- Métis --- Indians of North America --- Indigenous peoples --- Education --- Mixed descent --- Native peoples --- Aboriginal education --- Aboriginal schools --- Aboriginal schooling --- Native education --- Native schools --- Native schooling --- Native students --- Native college students --- Native residential schools --- Indigenous residential schools --- Residential school education, Native --- Residential school education, Aboriginal --- Residential school education, Indigenous --- Aboriginal residential schools --- Residential schools, Native --- Residential schools, Aboriginal --- Residential schools, Indigenous --- Native residential school education --- Aboriginal residential school education --- Indigenous residential school education --- Native residential school system --- Aboriginal residential school system --- Indigenous residential school system --- Residential school system, Native --- Residential school system, Aboriginal --- Residential school system, Indigenous --- Native boarding schools --- Aboriginal boarding schools --- Indigenous boarding schools --- Boarding schools, Native --- Boarding schools, Aboriginal --- Boarding schools, Indigenous --- Schools --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Residential schools --- Culture --- Ethnology

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“I am going to tell you how we are treated. I am always hungry.” — Edward B., a student at Onion Lake School (1923) "[I]f I were appointed by the Dominion Government for the express purpose of spreading tuberculosis, there is nothing finer in existance that the average Indian residential school.” — N. Walker, Indian Affairs Superintendent (1948) For over 100 years, thousands of Aboriginal children passed through the Canadian residential school system. Begun in the 1870s, it was intended, in the words of government officials, to bring these children into the “circle of civilization,” the results, however, were far different. More often, the schools provided an inferior education in an atmosphere of neglect, disease, and often abuse. Using previously unreleased government documents, historian John S. Milloy provides a full picture of the history and reality of the residential school system. He begins by tracing the ideological roots of the system, and follows the paper trail of internal memoranda, reports from field inspectors, and letters of complaint. In the early decades, the system grew without planning or restraint. Despite numerous critical commissions and reports, it persisted into the 1970s, when it transformed itself into a social welfare system without improving conditions for its thousands of wards. A National Crime shows that the residential system was chronically underfunded and often mismanaged, and documents in detail and how this affected the health, education, and well-being of entire generations of Aboriginal children.

Off-reservation boarding schools --- Indians of North America --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Indian residential schools --- Non-reservation boarding schools --- Non-reservation schools --- Off-reservation Indian boarding schools --- Off-reservation Indian schools --- Off-the-reservation boarding schools --- Residential schools, Indian --- Boarding schools --- History. --- Education --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Social conditions. --- Government relations. --- Government relations --- Residential Schools, Canada, Canadian Goverment, Indigenous, First Nations, Indians, History, Reconciliation. --- residential school.

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"Since the Truth and Reconciliation Commission released its Calls to Action in June 2015, governments, churches, non-profit, professional and community organizations, corporations, schools and universities, clubs and individuals have asked: "How can I/we participate in reconciliation?" Recognizing that reconciliation is not only an ultimate goal, but a decolonizing process of journeying in ways that embody everyday acts of resistance, resurgence, and solidarity, coupled with renewed commitments to justice, dialogue, and relationship-building, Pathways of Reconciliation helps readers find their way forward. The essays in Pathways of Reconciliation address the themes of reframing, learning and healing, researching, and living. They engage with different approaches to reconciliation (within a variety of reconciliation frameworks, either explicit or implicit) and illustrate the complexities of the reconciliation process itself. They canvass multiple and varied pathways of reconciliation, from Indigenous and non-Indigenous perspectives, reflecting a diversity of approaches to the mandate given to all Canadians by the TRC with its Calls to Action. Together the authors -- academics, practitioners, students and ordinary citizens -- demonstrate the importance of trying and learning from new and creative approaches to thinking about and practicing reconciliation and reflect on what they have learned from their attempts (both successful and less successful) in the process."--

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. --- Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada --- Témoignage et réconciliation Canada --- TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) --- Truth and Reconciliation Canada Commission --- Truth and Reconciliation Commission --- Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission --- Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission Secretariat --- Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada. --- Canada. --- Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada) --- Truth and Reconciliation Canada --- Truth commissions --- Indigenous peoples --- Reconciliation. --- Abuse of --- Canada --- Race relations. --- Peace making --- Peacemaking --- Reconciliatory behavior --- Quarreling --- Ethnology --- Commissions, Truth --- Reconciliation commissions --- Governmental investigations --- Human rights

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Changed Forever is the first study to gather a range of texts produced by Native Americans who, voluntarily or through compulsion, attended government-run boarding schools in the last decades of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth centuries. Arnold Krupat examines Hopi, Navajo, and Apache boarding-school narratives that detail these students' experiences. The book's analyses are attentive to the topics (topoi) and places (loci) of the boarding schools. Some of these topics are: (re-)Naming students, imposing on them the regimentation of Clock Time, compulsory religious instruction and practice, and corporal punishment, among others. These topics occur in a variety of places, like the Dormitory, the Dining Room, the Chapel, and the Classroom. Krupat's close readings of these narratives provide cultural and historical context as well as critical commentary. In her study of the Chilocco Indian School, K. Tsianina Lomawaima asked poignantly, "What has become of the thousands of Indian voices who spoke the breath of boarding-school life?" Changed Forever lets us hear some of them.

Off-reservation boarding schools --- Boarding school students --- Students --- Indian residential schools --- Non-reservation boarding schools --- Non-reservation schools --- Off-reservation Indian boarding schools --- Off-reservation Indian schools --- Off-the-reservation boarding schools --- Residential schools, Indian --- Boarding schools --- Indians of North America --- Education