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Evolution (Biology) --- Species --- Isolating mechanisms --- Science --- Study and teaching. --- Science education --- Scientific education --- Isolation, Biotic --- Isolation mechanisms --- Reproductive isolation mechanisms --- Speciation (Biology) --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Reproduction --- Biology --- Genetics --- Hybridization --- Organisms --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny

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Biogeography considers the distribution of biological units over a wide range of scales. The units range from genotypes, populations and species to families and higher taxa. Processes can be local, such as the isolation on islands due to sea-level fluctuations, or large-scale tectonic processes that separates continents and creates oceans. In all processes time is an important factor and by combining data on recent patterns with paleontological data the understanding of the distribution of extant taxa can be improved. This volume focuses on speciation due to isolation in island-like settings, and the evolution of large-scale diversity as the result of origination, maintenance and extinction.

Zoogeography. --- Paleobiogeography. --- Isolating mechanisms. --- Animal species. --- Island animals --- Animals --- Biodiversity. --- Evolution. --- Geographical distribution. --- Dispersal. --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Animal dispersal --- Dispersal of animals --- Insular animals --- Island fauna --- Species --- Isolation, Biotic --- Isolation mechanisms --- Reproductive isolation mechanisms --- Evolution (Biology) --- Reproduction --- Geographical distribution of fossil animals and plants --- Biogeography --- Paleontology --- Animal distribution --- Animal geography --- Distribution of animals, Geographical --- Geographical distribution of animals --- Zoology --- Classification --- Geographical distribution

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Maritime canals dissolve natural barriers to the dispersal of marine organisms, thus providing novel opportunities for natural dispersal, as well as for shipping-mediated transport. The introduction of alien species has proved to be one of the most profound and damaging of anthropogenic deeds - with both ecological and economic costs. This book is the first to assess the impacts of the world’s three principal maritime canals – the Kiel, the Panama, the Suez – as invasion corridors for alien biota. These three canals differ in their hydrological regimes, the types of biotas they connect, and in their permeability to invasions. Dr. Stephan Gollasch was involved in the first European ship sampling programme on ballast water, tank sediments and ship hull fouling (1992-1996). His PhD is world-wide the first thesis based on ballast water sampling. In addition to laboratory and desk studies he spent more than 125 days at sea during several biological surveys and joint ships on their voyages through the Kiel and Suez Canals. Due to the international aspect of biological invasions Dr. Gollasch became a member of several international working groups: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES); International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the Baltic Marine Biologists (BMB). As an independent consultant he is today involved projects related to biological invasions (e.g. ballast water treatment, ship sampling, risk assessment). Recently he was involved in the development of risk assessments and ballast water management scenarios for the European Atlantic coast, North, Baltic, Caspian and Mediterranean Seas. Dr. Bella Galil is a Senior Research Scientist at the National Institute of Oceanography, Israel. Her main research interests are the anthropogenic changes occurring in the Levantine marine biota, and the impact of alien species on the Mediterranean ecosystem. She has conducted numerous studies and surveys off the Israeli coast monitoring the benthic biota from the intertidal to the bathyal. She co-chairs the scientific committee of marine ecosystems of the International Commission for Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean (CIESM), and is a member of the Invasive Species Scientific Committee, IUCN. Galil published over 130 papers in scientific journals and co-edited a volume of the "CIESM Atlas of Exotic species in the Mediterranean". Recently she coordinated the drafting of Guidelines for controlling the vectors of introduction into the Mediterranean of non-indigenous species and invasive marine species for the UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas RAC/SPA. Dr. Andrew Cohen is the Director of the Biological Invasions Program at the San Francisco Estuary Institute in Oakland, California. His research has focused on the extent, impacts and vectors of aquatic invasions. He has organized and led rapid assessment surveys for exotic marine species in various localities including one at both ends of the Panama Canal. He helped write California's first ballast water law in 1999, and recently helped develop ballast water discharge standards for the state that seem likely to be enacted this year. He also drafted a petition from the research community that led to a U.S. ban on importing the "Killer Seaweed" Caulerpa taxifolia, and provided technical assistance to a recently successful lawsuit that will force ballast water discharges into U.S. waters to be regulated as biological pollutants under the U.S. Clean Water Act. For his work he has received a Pew Marine Conservation Fellowship and the San Francisco BayKeeper's Environmental Achievement Award. .

Isolating mechanisms. --- Biological invasions. --- Canals --- Environmental aspects. --- Channels (Hydraulic engineering) --- Hydraulic structures --- Inland navigation --- Bio-invasions --- Bioinvasions --- Invasions, Biological --- Natural selection --- Population biology --- Isolation, Biotic --- Isolation mechanisms --- Reproductive isolation mechanisms --- Evolution (Biology) --- Reproduction --- Species --- Aquatic biology. --- Ecology. --- Nature Conservation. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Ecology --- Conservation --- Aquatic ecology . --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Nature conservation. --- Ecology . --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Aquatic biology

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"Understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity remains a central problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Traditional explanations assume that differences in selection pressures lead to different adaptations in geographically separated locations. This book takes a different approach and explores adaptive diversification--diversification rooted in ecological interactions and frequency-dependent selection. In any ecosystem, birth and death rates of individuals are affected by interactions with other individuals. What is an advantageous phenotype therefore depends on the phenotype of other individuals, and it may often be best to be ecologically different from the majority phenotype. Such rare-type advantage is a hallmark of frequency-dependent selection and opens the scope for processes of diversification that require ecological contact rather than geographical isolation. Michael Doebeli investigates adaptive diversification using the mathematical framework of adaptive dynamics. Evolutionary branching is a paradigmatic feature of adaptive dynamics that serves as a basic metaphor for adaptive diversification, and Doebeli explores the scope of evolutionary branching in many different ecological scenarios, including models of coevolution, cooperation, and cultural evolution. He also uses alternative modeling approaches. Stochastic, individual-based models are particularly useful for studying adaptive speciation in sexual populations, and partial differential equation models confirm the pervasiveness of adaptive diversification. Showing that frequency-dependent interactions are an important driver of biological diversity, Adaptive Diversification provides a comprehensive theoretical treatment of adaptive diversification"-- "Adaptive biological diversification occurs when frequency-dependent selection generates advantages for rare phenotypes and induces a split of an ancestral lineage into multiple descendant lineages. Using adaptive dynamics theory, individual-based simulations, and partial differential equation models, this book illustrates that adaptive diversification due to frequency-dependent ecological interaction is a theoretically ubiquitous phenomenon"--

Evolution (Biology) --- Biodiversity --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Environment --- Self-organizing systems --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological fitness --- Genetics --- Mathematical models. --- LotkaЖolterra models. --- Maynard Smith model. --- Richard Lenski. --- adaptive diversification. --- adaptive dynamics theory. --- adaptive dynamics. --- adaptive speciation. --- anisogamy. --- asexual speciation. --- assortative mating. --- biological diversity. --- clonal models. --- coevolution. --- coevolutionary dynamics. --- conformist cultures. --- cooperative interactions. --- crossfeeding. --- cultural evolution. --- dispersal rates. --- disruptive selection. --- diverging phenotypic clusters. --- diversification. --- ecological character displacement. --- ecological dynamics. --- ecology. --- ecosystem. --- evolutionary biology. --- evolutionary branching. --- evolutionary dynamics. --- evolutionary processes. --- evolutionary trajectory. --- experimental evolution. --- frequency dependence. --- frequency independence. --- frequency-dependent competition. --- frequency-dependent interactions. --- frequency-dependent selection. --- gamete size. --- individual-based models. --- intraspecific cooperation. --- language memes. --- language. --- mainstream culture. --- mathematical modeling. --- mating populations. --- microbes. --- mutualism. --- mutualistic interactions. --- niche ecology. --- partial differential equation models. --- pattern formation. --- phenotype distributions. --- phenotype. --- phenotypic differentiation. --- phenotypic divergence. --- polymorphic populations. --- polymorphism. --- polymorphisms. --- predation. --- predatorаrey interactions. --- prezygotic reproductive isolation. --- religion. --- religious diversification. --- reproductive isolation. --- resource competition. --- sexual populations. --- sexual reproduction. --- speciation model. --- trophic preference. --- Environmental adaptation --- Adaptation, Environmental

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A marvelous journey into the world of bird evolutionHow Birds Evolve explores how evolution has shaped the distinctive characteristics and behaviors we observe in birds today. Douglas Futuyma describes how evolutionary science illuminates the wonders of birds, ranging over topics such as the meaning and origin of species, the evolutionary history of bird diversity, and the evolution of avian reproductive behaviors, plumage ornaments, and social behaviors.In this multifaceted book, Futuyma examines how birds evolved from nonavian dinosaurs and reveals what we can learn from the "family tree" of birds. He looks at the ways natural selection enables different forms of the same species to persist, and discusses how adaptation by natural selection accounts for the diverse life histories of birds and the rich variety of avian parenting styles, mating displays, and cooperative behaviors. He explains why some parts of the planet have so many more species than others, and asks what an evolutionary perspective brings to urgent questions about bird extinction and habitat destruction. Along the way, Futuyma provides an insider's perspective on how biologists practice evolutionary science, from studying the fossil record to comparing DNA sequences among and within species.A must-read for bird enthusiasts and curious naturalists, How Birds Evolve shows how evolutionary biology helps us better understand birds and their natural history, and how the study of birds has informed all aspects of evolutionary science since the time of Darwin.

Birds --- Evolution. --- Accipitriformes. --- Adaptive radiation. --- Allele. --- Allopatric speciation. --- Amino acid. --- Base pair. --- Biologist. --- Bird nest. --- Bird. --- Brood parasite. --- California condor. --- Cassowary. --- Character displacement. --- Charles Darwin. --- Charles Sibley. --- Chromosome. --- Cnemophilidae. --- Common cuckoo. --- Common descent. --- Convergent evolution. --- Coraciiformes. --- Crossbill. --- Darwin's finches. --- David Lack. --- Drongo. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Extra-pair copulation. --- Female. --- Flightless bird. --- Fowl. --- Galliformes. --- Gene flow. --- Gene. --- Genetic drift. --- Genotype. --- Gouldian finch. --- Great kiskadee. --- Great tit. --- Greater prairie chicken. --- Grebe. --- Hawaiian honeycreeper. --- Heritability. --- Hoatzin. --- Honeyeater. --- House sparrow. --- Hybrid (biology). --- Hybrid zone. --- Inopinaves. --- Insect. --- John Ostrom. --- Kentish plover. --- Malleefowl. --- Mating. --- Megapode. --- Mitochondrial DNA. --- Mole salamander. --- Natural selection. --- Neoaves. --- Neognathae. --- Nest box. --- North America. --- Nucleic acid sequence. --- Organism. --- Ornithology. --- Pair bond. --- Passerine. --- Pheasant. --- Phylogenetic tree. --- Piculet. --- Plumage. --- Predation. --- Protein. --- Red-tailed hawk. --- Reproductive isolation. --- Reproductive success. --- Rockhopper penguin. --- Sex ratio. --- Sexual dimorphism. --- Sexual selection in birds. --- Sexual selection. --- Sexy son hypothesis. --- Sister group. --- Songbird. --- Sparrow. --- Speciation. --- Species. --- Supernormal stimulus. --- Taxon. --- Theropoda. --- Thrush (bird). --- Tinamou. --- Tit (bird). --- Toucan. --- Trogon. --- Tyrant flycatcher. --- Warbler. --- Waterfowl. --- Whooping crane. --- Wood warbler. --- Woodpecker.