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The worldwide emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, specially those resistant to last-resource antibiotics, is now a common problem being defined as one of three priorities for the safeguarding of One Health by the Tripartite Alliance, which includes the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Bacteria resistance profiles, together with the expression of specific virulence markers, have a major influence on the outcomes of infectious diseases. These bacterial traits are interconnected, since not only the presence of antibiotics may influence bacterial virulence gene expression and consequently infection pathogenesis, but some virulence factors may also contribute to an increased bacterial resistance ability, as observed in biofilm-producing strains. The surveillance of important resistant and virulent clones and associated mobile genetic elements is essential for decision making in terms of mitigation measures to be applied for the prevention of such infections in both human and veterinary medicine. However, the role of natural environments as important components of the dissemination cycle of these strains has not been consider until recently. This Special Issue aims to publish manuscripts that contribute to the understanding of the impact of bacterial antimicrobial resistance and virulence in the three areas of the One Health triad–i.e., animal, human and environmental health.

MRSA --- EMRSA-15 --- MLSB --- bacteremia --- bloodstream infections --- antibiotic resistance --- aquatic contamination --- probabilistic sampling --- San Francisco Estuary --- coast --- Pseudomonas --- Shewanella algae --- Vibrio parahaemolyticus --- biocide --- Listeria monocytogenes --- biofilm --- planktonic culture --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis --- Escherichia coli --- fosfomycin --- nitrofurantoin --- antimicrobial resistance --- antibiotic susceptibility --- WGS --- phylogenetic analysis --- DNA mismatch repair system --- Salmonella Choleraesuis --- Iberian pig --- wild boar --- phylogenetic relationship --- plasmid replicon typing --- colistin --- carcass --- cfr gene --- fexA gene --- linezolid --- mutation --- pig --- public health --- S. aureus --- avian colibacillosis --- salmonellosis --- MDR --- tetA --- nisin --- mutant prevention concentration --- mutant selection window --- antimicrobial susceptibility testing --- horizontal gene transfer --- Salmonella --- reptiles --- isolation --- biofilms --- chlorhexidine gluconate --- wounds --- Gram-negative bacteria --- colonization --- infection --- clonal lineages --- resistance genes --- virulence factors --- Staphylococcus aureus --- skin and soft-tissue infections --- plasmids --- Panton–Valentine leucocidin

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family that historically has been associated with mild febrile illness. However, the recent outbreaks in Brazil in 2015 and its rapid spread throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean, together with its association with severe neurological disorders—including fetal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults—have changed the historic perspective of ZIKV. Currently, ZIKV is considered an important public health concern that has the potential to affect millions of people worldwide. The significance of ZIKV in human health and the lack of approved vaccines and/or antiviral drugs to combat ZIKV infection have triggered a global effort to develop effective countermeasures to prevent and/or treat ZIKV infection. In this Special Issue of Viruses, we have assembled a collection of 32 research and review articles that cover the more recent advances on ZIKV molecular biology, replication and transmission, virus–host interactions, pathogenesis, epidemiology, vaccine development, antivirals, and viral diagnosis.

microRNAs --- antivirals --- reverse genetics --- nucleic acid computation --- viral pathogenesis --- plaque reduction neutralization test --- clinical trials --- viral genetic variation --- viral fitness --- pregnancy --- type I IFN antagonist --- prM-E proteins --- eye --- replicon --- antiviral responses --- Bacterial artificial chromosome --- gene expression --- NS1 protein --- viral permissiveness --- ZIKV–host interactions --- reporter virus --- viral persistence --- blood-retinal barrier --- virus like particles --- emerging arbovirus --- Non-human primates --- heme-oxygenase 1 --- mosquito surveillance --- antiviral compounds --- ZIKV-associated neurologic disorders --- external quality assessment --- outbreak control --- therapeutics --- cryptic promoter silencing --- testis --- neurons --- mutagenesis --- RNA-seq --- microsphere immunoassay --- host-directed antivirals --- molecular diagnostics --- Bayesian analyses --- astrocytomas --- Full-length cDNA infectious clones --- viral pathogenicity --- neural progenitor cells --- full-length molecular clone --- antiviral --- multiplex nucleic acid detection --- Asian-lineage --- nucleic acid strand exchange --- IgA --- African-lineage --- vaccines --- Zika --- research models and tools --- immune response --- IgG avidity tests --- polymerase chain reaction --- Asian lineage --- sexual transmission --- TLR7/8 --- neuropathogenesis --- cross-reactions --- genetic variability --- mosquito --- ZIKV --- infectious cDNA --- prostate --- host genetic variation --- monoclonal antibodies --- optimised --- anti-viral immunity --- QCMD --- arbovirus --- FSS13025 --- MR766 --- NS5 --- EQA --- testicular cells --- virus attachment --- flavivirus --- mosquito-borne flavivirus --- dsRNA --- boolean logic-processing nucleic acid probes --- Ziks virus --- viral replication --- Aedes aegypti --- infection --- natural history --- infectious RNA --- zika virus --- chimeric viruses --- subgenomic replicon --- replication --- human brain glial cells --- microglia cells --- hepatocytes --- bacterial artificial chromosome --- detoxification and immune system responses --- testes --- dengue viruses --- Zika virus --- insecticide resistance --- NS2A protein --- plasmid toxicity --- cell surface receptors --- serology --- viral evolution --- laboratory preparedness --- flaviviruses --- Tet-inducible --- dengue virus --- diagnosis --- assay standardization --- infectious clone --- ELISA --- innate response --- congenital Zika syndrome --- secondary infections --- apoptosis --- viral survival --- ocular --- validated --- rhesus macaques --- neuroinflammation --- placenta cells --- NHP --- Zika virus (ZIKV) --- point-of-care diagnostics --- isothermal nucleic acid amplification --- microcephaly --- cytopathic effects --- indirect immunofluorescence --- fetal infection --- therapy --- siRNA --- viral counteraction --- neural cells --- silvestrol --- eIF4A

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family that historically has been associated with mild febrile illness. However, the recent outbreaks in Brazil in 2015 and its rapid spread throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean, together with its association with severe neurological disorders—including fetal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults—have changed the historic perspective of ZIKV. Currently, ZIKV is considered an important public health concern that has the potential to affect millions of people worldwide. The significance of ZIKV in human health and the lack of approved vaccines and/or antiviral drugs to combat ZIKV infection have triggered a global effort to develop effective countermeasures to prevent and/or treat ZIKV infection. In this Special Issue of Viruses, we have assembled a collection of 32 research and review articles that cover the more recent advances on ZIKV molecular biology, replication and transmission, virus–host interactions, pathogenesis, epidemiology, vaccine development, antivirals, and viral diagnosis.

microRNAs --- antivirals --- reverse genetics --- nucleic acid computation --- viral pathogenesis --- plaque reduction neutralization test --- clinical trials --- viral genetic variation --- viral fitness --- pregnancy --- type I IFN antagonist --- prM-E proteins --- eye --- replicon --- antiviral responses --- Bacterial artificial chromosome --- gene expression --- NS1 protein --- viral permissiveness --- ZIKV–host interactions --- reporter virus --- viral persistence --- blood-retinal barrier --- virus like particles --- emerging arbovirus --- Non-human primates --- heme-oxygenase 1 --- mosquito surveillance --- antiviral compounds --- ZIKV-associated neurologic disorders --- external quality assessment --- outbreak control --- therapeutics --- cryptic promoter silencing --- testis --- neurons --- mutagenesis --- RNA-seq --- microsphere immunoassay --- host-directed antivirals --- molecular diagnostics --- Bayesian analyses --- astrocytomas --- Full-length cDNA infectious clones --- viral pathogenicity --- neural progenitor cells --- full-length molecular clone --- antiviral --- multiplex nucleic acid detection --- Asian-lineage --- nucleic acid strand exchange --- IgA --- African-lineage --- vaccines --- Zika --- research models and tools --- immune response --- IgG avidity tests --- polymerase chain reaction --- Asian lineage --- sexual transmission --- TLR7/8 --- neuropathogenesis --- cross-reactions --- genetic variability --- mosquito --- ZIKV --- infectious cDNA --- prostate --- host genetic variation --- monoclonal antibodies --- optimised --- anti-viral immunity --- QCMD --- arbovirus --- FSS13025 --- MR766 --- NS5 --- EQA --- testicular cells --- virus attachment --- flavivirus --- mosquito-borne flavivirus --- dsRNA --- boolean logic-processing nucleic acid probes --- Ziks virus --- viral replication --- Aedes aegypti --- infection --- natural history --- infectious RNA --- zika virus --- chimeric viruses --- subgenomic replicon --- replication --- human brain glial cells --- microglia cells --- hepatocytes --- bacterial artificial chromosome --- detoxification and immune system responses --- testes --- dengue viruses --- Zika virus --- insecticide resistance --- NS2A protein --- plasmid toxicity --- cell surface receptors --- serology --- viral evolution --- laboratory preparedness --- flaviviruses --- Tet-inducible --- dengue virus --- diagnosis --- assay standardization --- infectious clone --- ELISA --- innate response --- congenital Zika syndrome --- secondary infections --- apoptosis --- viral survival --- ocular --- validated --- rhesus macaques --- neuroinflammation --- placenta cells --- NHP --- Zika virus (ZIKV) --- point-of-care diagnostics --- isothermal nucleic acid amplification --- microcephaly --- cytopathic effects --- indirect immunofluorescence --- fetal infection --- therapy --- siRNA --- viral counteraction --- neural cells --- silvestrol --- eIF4A

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Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a common cause of infections in both community and healthcare settings and have become an increasing threat to public health worldwide. The focus of this Special Issue includes aspects concerning plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance along with other carbapenem resistance mechanisms. Understanding the prevalence and routes of transmission of CRE is important in developing specific interventions for healthcare facilities, as well as the general impact of CRE circulation on the environment. Attention has also been focused on carbapenemase testing in order to provide advanced phenotypic and molecular assays for the identification of CRE, as a valid tool for active global surveillance, and from this perspective, the study of resistance mechanisms can provide significant support for the development of new and appropriate antimicrobial molecules. For all of these reasons, the phenomenon of carbapenem resistance deserves more attention, for the sake of public health.

carbapenem resistance --- carbapenemase --- whole genome sequencing --- long reads, plasmid --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- extensively drug-resistant --- molecular typing --- carbapenemases --- Enterobacteriales --- human --- animal --- food --- environment --- carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales --- KPC --- carbapenem --- multidrug resistance --- nosocomial --- Enterobacteriaceae --- ESBL --- resistance genes --- cattle --- blaOXA-48 --- ERIC-PCR --- plasmid profile analysis --- biofilm formation --- PCR-based replicon typing --- antibiotic-resistance --- sequence types --- multilocus sequence typing --- plasmids --- antimicrobial resistance --- carbapenem inactivation method --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales --- real-time multiplex PCR --- whole-genome sequencing --- carbapenem-resistance --- Qatar --- CRE --- OXA-48 --- carbapenems resistance --- Gram-negative bacteria --- infection --- colonization --- COVID-19 --- K. pneumoniae --- porins --- ceftazidime/avibactam --- ESKAPE --- healthcare-associated infections --- antimicrobial peptides --- Temporin L --- Klebsiella michiganensis --- Citrobacter farmeri --- KPC-2 --- plasmid --- transposon --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) --- outbreak --- infection control --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- IMP-6 --- porin --- efflux pump --- nosocomial infections --- NDM-1 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- Eazyplex® SuperBug CRE assay --- extended-spectrum beta-lactamases --- gram-negative rods --- LAMP method --- NDM --- VIM --- molecular epidemiology --- PFGE --- Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales --- IncX-3 --- one health --- water --- colistin susceptibility testing --- broth microdilution --- colistin broth disc elution --- Vitek 2 compact --- rapid polymyxin NP test --- Etest --- ChromID colistin R agar --- micronaut MIC-strip colistin --- population analysis profiling --- Enterobacterales --- neonates --- plasmid-typing --- sequence type --- wastewater --- virulence