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This book links the challenges to which the electricity network is exposed with the range of new technology, methodologies and market mechanisms known under the name "smart grid". The main challenges will be described by the way in which they impact the electricity network: the introduction of renewable electricity production, energy efficiency, the introduction and further opening of the electricity market, increasing demands for reliability and voltage quality, and the growing need for more transport capacity in the grid. Three fundamentally different types of solutions are distinguished in this book: solutions only involving the electricity network (like HVDC and active distribution networks), solutions including the network users but under the control of the network operator (like requirements on production units and curtailment), and fully market-driven solutions (like demand response). An overview is given of the various solutions to the challenges that are possible with new technology; this includes some that are actively discussed elsewhere and others that are somewhat forgotten. Linking the different solutions with the needs of the electricity network, in the light of the various challenges, is a recurring theme in this book.

Electric power distribution --- Technological innovations. --- smart grid --- power transmission and distribution --- renewable electricity production --- electricity market

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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.

Technology: general issues --- ironmaking --- carbon emissions --- energy consumption --- flash ironmaking process --- alternate ironmaking processes --- direct reduction --- smelting reduction --- iron ore concentrate --- natural gas --- digitalization --- digital technologies --- digital transformation --- steel industry --- digital skills --- industrial restructuring --- carbon emission --- technology upgrade --- steel --- environment --- mining --- production --- circular economy --- lean and frugal design --- ecology transition --- climate change --- pollution --- toxicology --- metals --- metallic products --- environmental impact --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 mineralization --- steelmaking slags --- nanoparticles --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- by-products --- industrial symbiosis --- reuse --- recycling --- CO2 mitigation --- hydrogen --- kinetics --- fossil-free steel --- hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) --- melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) --- hydrogen production by water electrolysis --- hydrogen storage --- grid balancing --- renewable electricity --- climate warming --- carbon footprint --- energy saving --- emissions mitigation --- electricity generation --- hydrogen in steelmaking --- steel vision --- mini blast furnace --- charcoal --- mathematical model --- gas injection --- kinetic models --- self-reducing burden --- iron ore --- coking coal --- DRI --- scrap --- blue dust --- decarbonization --- n/a

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The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.

Technology: general issues --- ironmaking --- carbon emissions --- energy consumption --- flash ironmaking process --- alternate ironmaking processes --- direct reduction --- smelting reduction --- iron ore concentrate --- natural gas --- digitalization --- digital technologies --- digital transformation --- steel industry --- digital skills --- industrial restructuring --- carbon emission --- technology upgrade --- steel --- environment --- mining --- production --- circular economy --- lean and frugal design --- ecology transition --- climate change --- pollution --- toxicology --- metals --- metallic products --- environmental impact --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 mineralization --- steelmaking slags --- nanoparticles --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- by-products --- industrial symbiosis --- reuse --- recycling --- CO2 mitigation --- hydrogen --- kinetics --- fossil-free steel --- hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) --- melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) --- hydrogen production by water electrolysis --- hydrogen storage --- grid balancing --- renewable electricity --- climate warming --- carbon footprint --- energy saving --- emissions mitigation --- electricity generation --- hydrogen in steelmaking --- steel vision --- mini blast furnace --- charcoal --- mathematical model --- gas injection --- kinetic models --- self-reducing burden --- iron ore --- coking coal --- DRI --- scrap --- blue dust --- decarbonization --- n/a

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The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.

ironmaking --- carbon emissions --- energy consumption --- flash ironmaking process --- alternate ironmaking processes --- direct reduction --- smelting reduction --- iron ore concentrate --- natural gas --- digitalization --- digital technologies --- digital transformation --- steel industry --- digital skills --- industrial restructuring --- carbon emission --- technology upgrade --- steel --- environment --- mining --- production --- circular economy --- lean and frugal design --- ecology transition --- climate change --- pollution --- toxicology --- metals --- metallic products --- environmental impact --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 mineralization --- steelmaking slags --- nanoparticles --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- by-products --- industrial symbiosis --- reuse --- recycling --- CO2 mitigation --- hydrogen --- kinetics --- fossil-free steel --- hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) --- melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) --- hydrogen production by water electrolysis --- hydrogen storage --- grid balancing --- renewable electricity --- climate warming --- carbon footprint --- energy saving --- emissions mitigation --- electricity generation --- hydrogen in steelmaking --- steel vision --- mini blast furnace --- charcoal --- mathematical model --- gas injection --- kinetic models --- self-reducing burden --- iron ore --- coking coal --- DRI --- scrap --- blue dust --- decarbonization --- n/a