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Sometime in April 1285, five Muslim horsemen crossed from the Islamic kingdom of Granada into the realms of the Christian Crown of Aragon to meet with the king of Aragon, who showered them with gifts, including sumptuous cloth and decorative saddles, for agreeing to enter the Crown's service. They were not the first or only Muslim soldiers to do so. Over the course of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Christian kings of Aragon recruited thousands of foreign Muslim soldiers to serve in their armies and as members of their royal courts. Based on extensive research in Arabic, Latin, and Romance sources, The Mercenary Mediterranean explores this little-known and misunderstood history. Far from marking the triumph of toleration, Hussein Fancy argues, the alliance of Christian kings and Muslim soldiers depended on and reproduced ideas of religious difference. Their shared history represents a unique opportunity to reconsider the relation of medieval religion to politics, and to demonstrate how modern assumptions about this relationship have impeded our understanding of both past and present.
Soldiers of fortune --- Foreign enlistment --- Mudéjares --- Muslims --- History --- History. --- Aragon (Spain) --- History, Military --- aragon, muslim, islam, mercenaries, war, violence, religion, sovereignty, granada, christianity, 13th, 14th, arabic, latin, romance, religious difference, politics, history, nonfiction, soldiers of fortune, foreign enlistment, spain, mudejares, north africa, medieval, secularism, crusade, conquest, jihad, interfaith, identity, faith, empire, mediterranean, iberia, jenets.
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Diaspora, considered as a context for insights into Jewish identity, brings together a lively, interdisciplinary group of scholars in this innovative volume. Readers needn't expect, however, to find easy agreement on what those insights are. The concept "diaspora" itself has proved controversial; galut, the traditional Hebrew expression for the Jews' perennial condition, is better translated as "exile." The very distinction between diaspora and exile, although difficult to analyze, is important enough to form the basis of several essays in this fine collection."Iden tity" is an even more elusive concept. The contributors to Diasporas and Exiles explore Jewish identity-or, more accurately, Jewish identities-from the mutually illuminating perspectives of anthropology, art history, comparative literature, cultural studies, German history, philosophy, political theory, and sociology. These contributors bring exciting new emphases to Jewish and cultural studies, as well as the emerging field of diaspora studies. Diasporas and Exiles mirrors the richness of experience and the attendant virtual impossibility of definition that constitute the challenge of understanding Jewish identity.
Jews --- Jewish diaspora --- Civilization, Jewish --- Jewish civilization --- Civilization, Semitic --- Identity, Jewish --- Jewish identity --- Jewishness --- Jewish law --- Jewish nationalism --- Diaspora, Jewish --- Galuth --- Human geography --- Civilization. --- Identity. --- History. --- Ethnic identity --- Race identity --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Diaspora --- Migrations --- acculturation. --- adversity. --- affliction. --- alien. --- antisemitism. --- arab. --- assimilation. --- belonging. --- concentration camps. --- diaspora. --- ethnicity. --- exile. --- france. --- genocide. --- germany. --- hans tietze. --- heine. --- holocaust. --- homeland. --- identity. --- israel. --- jew. --- jewish community. --- jewish identity. --- jewish life. --- jewish migration. --- jewry. --- jews as victims. --- judaica. --- judaism. --- middle east. --- nonfiction. --- palestine. --- philanthropy. --- refugees. --- religion. --- religious communities. --- religious difference. --- religious identity. --- rite. --- ritual. --- suffering. --- tradition. --- victimhood. --- vienna. --- zion.
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Although closely focused on the remarkable Hebrew First-Crusade narratives, Robert Chazan's new interpretation of these texts is anything but narrow, as his title, God, Humanity, and History, strongly suggests. The three surviving Hebrew accounts of the crusaders' devastating assaults on Rhineland Jewish communities during the spring of 1096 have been examined at length, but only now can we appreciate the extent to which they represent their turbulent times. After a close analysis of the texts themselves, Chazan addresses the objectives of the three narratives. He compares these accounts with earlier Jewish history writing and with contemporary crusade historiography. It is in their disjuncture with past forms of Jewish historical narration and their amazing parallels with Latin crusade narratives that the Hebrew narratives are most revealing. We see how they reflect the embeddedness of early Ashkenazic Jewry in the vibrant atmosphere of late-eleventh- and early-twelfth-century northern Europe.
Jews --- Jewish martyrs --- Crusades --- Church history --- Middle Ages --- Chivalry --- Martyrs, Jewish --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History --- Persecutions --- Biography --- Germany --- Ethnic relations --- Juifs --- Martyrs juifs --- Croisades --- Sources --- Histoire --- Persécutions --- Allemagne --- Biographie --- Sources. --- Relations interethniques --- 1096. --- 11th century. --- 12th century. --- acculturation. --- anti jewish violence. --- antisemitism. --- ashkenazic jewry. --- assimilation. --- belonging. --- crusade. --- crusaders. --- discrimination. --- europe. --- exile. --- first crusade. --- genocide. --- gentiles. --- hebrew. --- history. --- jewish communities. --- jewish history. --- jewish lives. --- jewish people. --- jewish. --- judaica. --- judaism. --- martyrs. --- medieval. --- northern europe. --- prejudice. --- racism. --- religion. --- religious difference. --- religious persecution. --- rhineland jews.
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"Bad Blood offers a new account of early modern race by tracing the development of European racial vocabularies from Spain to England. Dispelling assumptions, stemming from Spain's historical exclusion of Jews and Muslims, that premodern racial ideology focused on religious difference and purity of blood more than color, Emily Weissbourd argues that the context of the Atlantic slave trade is indispensable to understanding race in early modern Spanish and English literature alike. Through readings of plays by Shakespeare, Lope de Vega, and their contemporaries, as well as Spanish picaresque fiction and its English translations, Weissbourd reveals how ideologies of racialized slavery as well as religious difference come to England via Spain, and how both notions of race operate in conjunction to shore up fantasies of Blackness, whiteness, and "pure blood." The enslavement of Black Africans, Weissbourd shows, is inextricable from the staging of race in early modern literature"
Black people in literature. --- English literature --- Race in literature. --- Slavery in literature. --- Spanish literature --- LITERARY CRITICISM / Renaissance. --- History and criticism. --- History andcriticism. --- Atlantic slave trade. --- Blackness. --- Early Modern. --- England. --- Iberian slave trade. --- Jews. --- Lope de Vega. --- Mabbe. --- Moorishness. --- Moors. --- Muslim. --- Othello. --- Race. --- Renaissance. --- Rogue. --- Shakespeare. --- Spain. --- Spanish comedia. --- The Spanish Gypsy. --- comparative literature. --- critical race studies. --- drama. --- identity. --- impure blood. --- morisco. --- orientalism. --- passing. --- public theater. --- purity of blood. --- religious difference. --- sixteenth seventeenth century. --- slavery. --- theater. --- Enslaved persons in literature --- Slavery and slaves in literature --- Blacks in literature --- Negroes in literature --- Thematology --- anno 1500-1799 --- Black people in literature --- Race in literature --- Slavery in literature
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"Now that I am seventy years of age, it is my prerogative to offer a summing up," says Meron Benvenisti, internationally known author and columnist, Jerusalem native, and scion of Israel's founders. Born in Palestine in 1934 to a Sephardic father and an Ashkenazi mother, Benvenisti has enjoyed an unusual vantage point from which to consider his homeland's conflicts and controversies. Throughout his long and provocative career as a scholar, an elected official, and a respected journalist, he has remained intimately involved with Israel's social and political development. Part memoir and part political polemic, Son of the Cypresses threads Benvenisti's own story through the story of Israel. The result is a vivid, sharply drawn eyewitness account of pre-state Jerusalem and Israel's early years. He memorably sets the scene by recalling his father's emotional journey from Jewish Salonika in 1913 to Palestine, with all its attendant euphoria and frustration, and his father's pioneer dedication to inculcating Israeli youth with a "native's" attachment to the homeland. In describing the colorful and lively Jerusalem in which he grew up, Benvenisti recalls the many challenges faced by new Jewish immigrants, who found themselves not only in conflict with the Arab population but also with each other as Sephardim and Ashkenazim. He revisits his own public disagreements with both Zionists and Palestinians and shares indelible memories such as his boyhood experiences of the 1948 War. In remembering his life as an Israeli sabra, Benvenisti offers a vivid record of the historical roots of the conflict that persists today.
Arab-Israeli conflict --- Jews --- Sephardim --- Jews, Sephardic --- Ladinos (Spanish Jews) --- Sefardic Jews --- Sephardi Jews --- Sephardic Jews --- Jews, Portuguese --- Jews, Spanish --- Arab-Israeli peace process --- Mid-East peace process --- Middle East peace process --- Middle Eastern peace process --- Peace process in the Middle East --- Israel-Arab conflicts --- Israel-Palestine conflict --- Israeli-Arab conflict --- Israeli-Palestinian conflict --- Jewish-Arab relations --- Palestine-Israel conflict --- Palestine problem (1948- ) --- Palestinian-Israeli conflict --- Palestinian Arabs --- Influence. --- Peace. --- History --- Benvenisti, David. --- Benveniste, David --- Benvenishti, Daṿid --- Benveneshti, Davịd --- בנבנישתי, דוד --- בנבנשתי, דוד --- Israel --- Politics and government --- Ethnic relations. --- Benveneshti, Daṿid --- 1948 war. --- antisemitism. --- arab. --- ashkenazi. --- autobiography. --- belonging. --- biography. --- diaspora. --- discrimination. --- ethnic cleansing. --- ethnicity. --- exile. --- exodus. --- gaza strip. --- history. --- holy land. --- homeland. --- immigration. --- islam. --- israel arab war. --- israel. --- israeli youth. --- jerusalem. --- jewish author. --- jewish colony. --- jewish immigrants. --- jewish salonika. --- jewish women. --- journalist. --- judaica. --- judaism. --- memoir. --- middle east. --- migration. --- palestine. --- pardess hannah. --- partition plan. --- prejudice. --- refugee. --- religious difference. --- sabra. --- sephardic. --- three days war. --- war. --- west bank. --- zion.
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In this thoughtful and penetrating study, Sara Raup Johnson investigates the creation of historical fictions in a wide range of Hellenistic Jewish texts. Surveying so-called Jewish novels, including the Letter of Aristeas, 2 Maccabees, Esther, Daniel, Judith, Tobit, Josephus's account of Alexander's visit to Jerusalem and of the Tobiads, Artapanus, and Joseph and Aseneth, she demonstrates that the use of historical fiction in these texts does not constitute a uniform genre. Instead it cuts across all boundaries of language, provenance, genre, and even purpose. Johnson argues that each author uses historical fiction to construct a particular model of Hellenistic Jewish identity through the reinvention of the past. The models of identity differ, but all seek to explore relations between Jews and the wider non-Jewish world. The author goes on to present a focal in-depth analysis of one text, Third Maccabees. Maintaining that this is a late Hellenistic, not a Roman, work Johnson traces important themes in Third Maccabees within a broader literary context. She evaluates the evidence for the authorship, audience, and purpose of the work and analyzes the historicity of the persecution described in the narrative. Illustrating how the author reinvents history in order to construct his own model for life in the diaspora, Johnson weighs the attitudes and stances, from defiance to assimilation, of this crucial period.
Historical fiction --- Jews --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History and criticism. --- Identity --- History --- Third Book of Maccabees --- Bible. --- 3 Maccabees (Apocryphal book) --- Maccabaeorum liber tertius --- 3rd Maccabees (Apocryphal book) --- Third Maccabees (Apocryphal book) --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Jews in literature --- Juifs --- Roman historique --- Juifs dans la littérature --- Histoire --- Identité --- Histoire et critique --- 2 maccabees. --- acculturation. --- alienation. --- anti semitism. --- artapanus. --- assimilation. --- belonging. --- daniel. --- diaspora. --- esther. --- exile. --- genre studies. --- hellenistic judaism. --- historical adaptation. --- historical fiction. --- homeland. --- jewish fiction. --- jewish identity. --- jewish literature. --- jewish migration. --- jewish novels. --- jewish world. --- jews and gentiles. --- joseph and aseneth. --- josephus. --- judaica. --- judaism. --- judith. --- late hellenism. --- letter of aristeas. --- literary criticism. --- literary theory. --- persecution. --- religious difference. --- third maccabees. --- tobiads. --- tobit.
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This republished Special Issue highlights recent and emergent concepts and approaches to water governance that re-centers the political in relation to water-related decision making, use, and management. To do so at once is to focus on diverse ontologies, meanings and values of water, and related contestations regarding its use, or its importance for livelihoods, identity, or place-making. Building on insights from science and technology studies, feminist, and postcolonial approaches, we engage broadly with the ways that water-related decision making is often depoliticized and evacuated of political content or meaning—and to what effect. Key themes that emerged from the contributions include the politics of water infrastructure and insecurity; participatory politics and multi-scalar governance dynamics; politics related to emergent technologies of water (bottled or packaged water, and water desalination); and Indigenous water governance.
orientation knowledge --- WEF Nexus --- Latin America --- water politics --- water rights --- political ecology --- Chile --- national interest --- Africa --- depoliticization --- social control --- Central Asia --- Belo Monte --- nibi (water) --- Canada --- planning --- Indigenous water governance --- scale politics --- UNDRIP --- spatio-temporal --- women --- participation --- participatory development --- FPIC --- remunicipalization --- governmentalities --- integrated water resource management (IWRM) --- colonization --- drinking water --- power --- free --- community-based research --- environmental flows --- Two-Eyed Seeing --- Indigenous water --- water security --- water management --- water colonialism --- hydropower --- groundwater --- packaged drinking water (PDW) --- repoliticization --- Jakarta --- Indigenous knowledge --- Tajikistan --- governance --- settler colonialism --- decision-making processes --- informality --- first nations --- Water Users’ Associations --- irrigation --- OECD --- giikendaaswin --- Brazil --- UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Lesotho --- environmental justice --- hydrosocial --- Colombia --- law --- Cochabamba --- kitchen gardens --- desalination --- mining --- water --- environmental assessment --- First Nations --- water quality --- Anishinabek --- urban India --- urban water infrastructure --- re-theorizing --- politics --- bottled water --- Egypt --- urban water --- Bolivia --- dams --- Yukon --- decentralization --- narrative ethics --- water justice --- water insecurity --- political ontology --- religious difference --- energy policy --- international development --- water ethics --- Cairo --- infrastructure --- legal geography --- practices of mediation --- water governance --- risk --- Indonesia --- prior and informed consent --- PES
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The Israel-Palestine conflict is one of the world's most polarizing confrontations. Its current phase, Israel's "temporary" occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem, turned a half century old in June 2017. In these timely and provocative essays, Gershon Shafir asks three questions-What is the occupation, why has it lasted so long, and how has it transformed the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? His cogent answers illuminate how we got here, what here is, and where we are likely to go. Shafir expertly demonstrates that at its fiftieth year, the occupation is riven with paradoxes, legal inconsistencies, and conflicting interests that weaken the occupiers' hold and leave the occupation itself vulnerable to challenge.
Arab-Israeli conflict --- Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes --- Security, International --- Peace --- Economic aspects --- Israel --- Palestine --- Foreign relations --- Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes. --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Negotiations in international disputes --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- Arab-Israeli peace process --- Mid-East peace process --- Middle East peace process --- Middle Eastern peace process --- Peace process in the Middle East --- Peace. --- Holy Land --- Dawlat Isrāʼīl --- Država Izrael --- Dzi︠a︡rz︠h︡ava Izrailʹ --- Gosudarstvo Izrailʹ --- I-se-lieh --- Israele --- Isrāʼīl --- Isŭrael --- Isuraeru --- Izrael --- Izrailʹ --- Medinat Israel --- Medinat Yiśraʼel --- Stát Izrael --- State of Israel --- Yiselie --- Yiśraʼel --- Ισραήλ --- Израиль --- Государство Израиль --- Дзяржава Ізраіль --- Ізраіль --- מדינת ישראל --- ישראל --- إسرائيل --- دولة إسرائيل --- イスラエル --- 以色列 --- Arab-Israeli conflict - 1993- - Peace --- Security, International - Economic aspects - Israel --- Security, International - Economic aspects - Palestine --- Israel - Foreign relations - Palestine --- Palestine - Foreign relations - Israel --- binationalism. --- conflict. --- conflicting interests. --- east jerusalem. --- gaza. --- holy land. --- holy sites. --- israel palestine conflict. --- israel. --- israeli. --- justice. --- law and order. --- legal issues. --- middle east. --- middle eastern history. --- middle eastern. --- occupation. --- palestine. --- palestinian conflict. --- palestinian. --- religion. --- religious difference. --- religious identity. --- social change. --- social issues. --- social studies. --- wartime. --- west bank.
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Enlightenment writers, revolutionaries, and even Napoleon discussed and wrote about France's tiny Jewish population at great length. Why was there so much thinking about Jews when they were a minority of less than one percent and had little economic and virtually no political power? In this unusually wide-ranging study of representations of Jews in eighteenth-century France-both by Gentiles and Jews themselves-Ronald Schechter offers fresh perspectives on the Enlightenment and French Revolution, on Jewish history, and on the nature of racism and intolerance. Informed by the latest historical scholarship and by the insights of cultural theory, Obstinate Hebrews is a fascinating tale of cultural appropriation cast in the light of modern society's preoccupation with the "other." Schechter argues that the French paid attention to the Jews because thinking about the Jews helped them reflect on general issues of the day. These included the role of tradition in religion, the perfectibility of human nature, national identity, and the nature of citizenship. In a conclusion comparing and contrasting the "Jewish question" in France with discourses about women, blacks, and Native Americans, Schechter provocatively widens his inquiry, calling for a more historically precise approach to these important questions of difference.
Jews --- French literature --- Jews in literature. --- Public opinion --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Opinion, Public --- Perception, Public --- Popular opinion --- Public perception --- Public perceptions --- Judgment --- Social psychology --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Focus groups --- Reputation --- Social conditions --- History and criticism. --- History --- Public opinion. --- Identity. --- Napoleon --- Bonapart, Napoleon, --- Bonāpārṭa, Nepoliyana, --- Bonaparte, Napoleão, --- Bonaparte, Napoleon, --- Bonaparte, Napoleone, --- Bonaparṭeh, Napolyon, --- Buonaparte, Napoleon, --- Na-pʻo-lun, --- Nābuliyūn, --- Napoleone --- Napʻolleong, --- Napolun, --- נפוליאון --- נפוליאון, --- نابليون --- بونابرت، نابليون، --- Būnābart, Nābuliyūn, --- Relations with Jews. --- France --- Ethnic relations. --- Napoléon --- Bonaparte, Napoléon --- Bonāpārṭa, Nepoliyana --- Bonaparte, Napoleão --- Bonaparte, Napoleon --- Bonaparte, Napoleone --- Buonaparte, Napoleon --- Na-pʻo-lun --- Napolun --- Napoleon -- I, -- Emperor of the French, -- 1769-1821 -- Relations with Jews.. --- Jews -- France -- Identity.. --- Jews -- Public opinion.. --- Public opinion -- France -- History -- 18th century.. --- Public opinion -- France -- History -- 19th century.. --- Jews in literature.. --- French literature -- 19th century -- History and criticism. --- acculturation. --- alienation. --- antisemitism. --- assimilation. --- belonging. --- citizenship. --- cultural appropriation. --- cultural theory. --- discrimination. --- enlightenment. --- europe. --- exile. --- feminism. --- france. --- french history. --- french jews. --- french revolution. --- gender. --- homeland. --- human nature. --- indigenous people. --- intolerance. --- jewish history. --- jewish population. --- jewish question. --- judaica. --- judaism. --- national identity. --- native americans. --- nonfiction. --- othering. --- politics. --- prejudice. --- racism. --- religion. --- religious difference. --- social body. --- social issues. --- tradition.
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A bold new religious history of the late antique and medieval Middle East that places ordinary Christians at the center of the storyIn the second half of the first millennium CE, the Christian Middle East fractured irreparably into competing churches and Arabs conquered the region, setting in motion a process that would lead to its eventual conversion to Islam. Jack Tannous argues that key to understanding these dramatic religious transformations are ordinary religious believers, often called "the simple" in late antique and medieval sources. Largely agrarian and illiterate, these Christians outnumbered Muslims well into the era of the Crusades, and yet they have typically been invisible in our understanding of the Middle East's history.What did it mean for Christian communities to break apart over theological disagreements that most people could not understand? How does our view of the rise of Islam change if we take seriously the fact that Muslims remained a demographic minority for much of the Middle Ages? In addressing these and other questions, Tannous provides a sweeping reinterpretation of the religious history of the medieval Middle East.This provocative book draws on a wealth of Greek, Syriac, and Arabic sources to recast these conquered lands as largely Christian ones whose growing Muslim populations are properly understood as converting away from and in competition with the non-Muslim communities around them.
Middle East --- Moyen Orient --- Religion --- 28 <5-011> --- 28 <5-011> Christelijke kerken, secten. Kristelijke kerken--(algemeen)--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- 28 <5-011> Les diverses Eglises chretiennes:--general--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Christelijke kerken, secten. Kristelijke kerken--(algemeen)--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Les diverses Eglises chretiennes:--general--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Christians-Middle East-History. --- Middle East-Church history. --- Middle East-Religion-History-To 1500. --- RELIGION / Christianity / History. --- Abbasid Baghdad. --- Arab Muslim immigrants. --- Arab conquerors. --- Arab conquests. --- Arab encampments. --- Arabic. --- Chalcedonians. --- Christian Middle East. --- Christian authorities. --- Christian beliefs. --- Christian communities. --- Christian community. --- Christian confession. --- Christian doctrines. --- Christian education. --- Christian history. --- Christian identity. --- Christian leaders. --- Christian literature. --- Christian message. --- Christian movements. --- Christian schools. --- Christian tradition. --- Christianity. --- Christians. --- Christian–Muslim interaction. --- Christian–Muslim relations. --- Church of the East. --- Eucharist. --- Islam. --- Islamic history. --- Islamic tradition. --- Jacob of Edessa. --- Jews. --- Miaphysite church. --- Miaphysite. --- Miaphysites. --- Middle Ages. --- Middle East. --- Middle Eastern Christian. --- Muhammad. --- Muslim habitation. --- Muslim rule. --- Muslim tradition. --- Muslims. --- Prophet. --- Qenneshre. --- Roman Middle East. --- Roman Syria. --- Roman state. --- Syria. --- Syriac language. --- basic education. --- canons. --- church leaders. --- clergy. --- community formation. --- confessional allegiance. --- confessional indifference. --- continuities. --- cultural institutions. --- debate. --- doctrinal difference. --- doctrinal theology. --- educational institutions. --- family connections. --- garrison cities. --- intercultural exchange. --- learned philosophers. --- literacy. --- material benefits. --- medieval Middle East. --- military upheaval. --- monasteries. --- non-Muslims. --- political discontinuity. --- political power. --- post-Chalcedonian. --- religious believers. --- religious claims. --- religious competition. --- religious conversion. --- religious difference. --- religious diversity. --- religious dynamics. --- religious framework. --- religious minority. --- religious motivation. --- religious questions. --- religious tradition. --- religious traditions. --- rival churches. --- sacraments. --- salaf. --- shared experiences. --- shared settings. --- simple Christians. --- simple Muslims. --- simple believer. --- simple believers. --- simple faith. --- simplicity. --- theological literacy. --- theological speculation. --- translations. --- violence.
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