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This book comprises five peer-reviewed articles covering original research articles on the modeling and simulation of electricity systems for transport and energy storage. The topics include: 1 - Optimal siting and sizing methodology to design an energy storage system (ESS) for railway lines; 2 - Technical–economic comparison between a 3 kV DC railway and the use of trains with on-board storage systems; 3 - How to improve electrical feeding substations, by changing transformer technology and by installing dedicated high-power-oriented storage systems; 4 - Algorithm applied to a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. 5 - Thermal investigation and optimization of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery pack.

History of engineering & technology --- thermal management system --- optimal configuration --- air-cooling --- lithium-ion battery --- electric vehicles (EVs) --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- smart grids (SGs) --- peak shaving --- amorphous transformer --- energy storage --- failure --- feeding substation --- tramway --- optimization --- energy storage system (ESS) --- siting --- sizing --- regenerative braking --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm --- net present value (NPV) --- railway network --- railway system --- lithium batteries --- supercapacitor --- Simulink --- catenary-free --- thermal management system --- optimal configuration --- air-cooling --- lithium-ion battery --- electric vehicles (EVs) --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- smart grids (SGs) --- peak shaving --- amorphous transformer --- energy storage --- failure --- feeding substation --- tramway --- optimization --- energy storage system (ESS) --- siting --- sizing --- regenerative braking --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm --- net present value (NPV) --- railway network --- railway system --- lithium batteries --- supercapacitor --- Simulink --- catenary-free

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This book is a collection of papers covering various aspects of the optimal control of power and energy production from renewable resources (wind, PV, biomass, hydrogen, etc.). In particular, attention is focused both on the optimal control of new technologies and on their integration in buildings, microgrids, and energy markets. The examples presented in this book are among the most promising technologies for satisfying an increasing share of thermal and electrical demands with renewable sources: from solar cooling plants to offshore wind generation; hybrid plants, combining traditional and renewable sources, are also considered, as well as traditional and innovative storage systems. Innovative solutions for transportation systems are also explored for both railway infrastructures and advanced light rail vehicles. The optimization and control of new solutions for the power network are addressed in detail: specifically, special attention is paid to microgrids as new paradigms for distribution networks, but also in other applications (e.g., shipboards). Finally, optimization and simulation models within SCADA and energy management systems are considered. This book is intended for engineers, researchers, and practitioners that work in the field of energy, smart grid, renewable resources, and their optimization and control.

History of engineering & technology --- fuel cell --- power control --- multi-objective optimization --- equivalent consumption minimization strategy --- firefly algorithm --- hybrid light rail vehicle --- solar energy --- Fresnel collector --- model predictive control --- fuzzy algorithm --- hybrid systems --- shipboard microgrids --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- energy storage technologies --- microgrids --- hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) --- floating offshore wind turbine --- aerodynamic platform stabiliser --- wave rejection --- feedback loop --- control --- optimisation --- energy storage --- pumped storage hydro --- ternary pumped storage hydro --- dynamic simulation --- dynamic modeling --- inertia --- renewable energy --- power system --- primary control --- BESS --- microgrid --- Grid Forming --- Grid Support --- Inverter Control --- DIgSILENT PowerFactory --- EMT simulations --- eco-friendliness --- smart railway --- smart electrical infrastructure --- control algorithm --- regenerative braking energy --- smart grid --- optimization --- energy management system --- interconnected buildings --- renewable resources --- multi-level --- aggregator --- wind-diesel power plant --- intelligent control system --- diesel-generator set --- internal combustion engine --- artificial neural network --- fuel economy --- co-simulation --- SCADA --- operator training --- building energy management system --- simulation --- equivalent electric circuit

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This book is a collection of papers covering various aspects of the optimal control of power and energy production from renewable resources (wind, PV, biomass, hydrogen, etc.). In particular, attention is focused both on the optimal control of new technologies and on their integration in buildings, microgrids, and energy markets. The examples presented in this book are among the most promising technologies for satisfying an increasing share of thermal and electrical demands with renewable sources: from solar cooling plants to offshore wind generation; hybrid plants, combining traditional and renewable sources, are also considered, as well as traditional and innovative storage systems. Innovative solutions for transportation systems are also explored for both railway infrastructures and advanced light rail vehicles. The optimization and control of new solutions for the power network are addressed in detail: specifically, special attention is paid to microgrids as new paradigms for distribution networks, but also in other applications (e.g., shipboards). Finally, optimization and simulation models within SCADA and energy management systems are considered. This book is intended for engineers, researchers, and practitioners that work in the field of energy, smart grid, renewable resources, and their optimization and control.

History of engineering & technology --- fuel cell --- power control --- multi-objective optimization --- equivalent consumption minimization strategy --- firefly algorithm --- hybrid light rail vehicle --- solar energy --- Fresnel collector --- model predictive control --- fuzzy algorithm --- hybrid systems --- shipboard microgrids --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- energy storage technologies --- microgrids --- hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) --- floating offshore wind turbine --- aerodynamic platform stabiliser --- wave rejection --- feedback loop --- control --- optimisation --- energy storage --- pumped storage hydro --- ternary pumped storage hydro --- dynamic simulation --- dynamic modeling --- inertia --- renewable energy --- power system --- primary control --- BESS --- microgrid --- Grid Forming --- Grid Support --- Inverter Control --- DIgSILENT PowerFactory --- EMT simulations --- eco-friendliness --- smart railway --- smart electrical infrastructure --- control algorithm --- regenerative braking energy --- smart grid --- optimization --- energy management system --- interconnected buildings --- renewable resources --- multi-level --- aggregator --- wind-diesel power plant --- intelligent control system --- diesel-generator set --- internal combustion engine --- artificial neural network --- fuel economy --- co-simulation --- SCADA --- operator training --- building energy management system --- simulation --- equivalent electric circuit --- fuel cell --- power control --- multi-objective optimization --- equivalent consumption minimization strategy --- firefly algorithm --- hybrid light rail vehicle --- solar energy --- Fresnel collector --- model predictive control --- fuzzy algorithm --- hybrid systems --- shipboard microgrids --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- energy storage technologies --- microgrids --- hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) --- floating offshore wind turbine --- aerodynamic platform stabiliser --- wave rejection --- feedback loop --- control --- optimisation --- energy storage --- pumped storage hydro --- ternary pumped storage hydro --- dynamic simulation --- dynamic modeling --- inertia --- renewable energy --- power system --- primary control --- BESS --- microgrid --- Grid Forming --- Grid Support --- Inverter Control --- DIgSILENT PowerFactory --- EMT simulations --- eco-friendliness --- smart railway --- smart electrical infrastructure --- control algorithm --- regenerative braking energy --- smart grid --- optimization --- energy management system --- interconnected buildings --- renewable resources --- multi-level --- aggregator --- wind-diesel power plant --- intelligent control system --- diesel-generator set --- internal combustion engine --- artificial neural network --- fuel economy --- co-simulation --- SCADA --- operator training --- building energy management system --- simulation --- equivalent electric circuit

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The global electric car fleet exceeded 7 million battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in 2019, and will continue to increase in the future, as electrification is an important means of decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. The energy storage system is a very central component of the electric vehicle. The storage system needs to be cost-competitive, light, efficient, safe, and reliable, and to occupy little space and last for a long time. It should also be produced and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. This leaves many research challenges, and the purpose of this book is therefore to provide a platform for sharing the latest findings on energy storage systems for electric vehicles (electric cars, buses, aircraft, ships, etc.) Research in energy storage systems requires several sciences working together, and this book therefore include contributions from many different disciplines; this covers a wide range of topics, e.g. battery-management systems, state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation, thermal-battery-management systems, power electronics for energy storage devices, battery aging modelling, battery reuse and recycling, etc.

History of engineering & technology --- lithium-ion batteries --- non-aqueous electrolyte --- nitrile-based solvents --- butyronitrile --- SEI forming additives --- fast charging --- power batteries --- improved second-order RC equivalent circuit --- fuzzy unscented Kalman filtering algorithm --- joint estimation --- electric bus --- battery --- energy efficiency --- environmental conditions --- hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) --- battery life --- multi-objective energy management --- adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) --- pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) --- recurrent-neural-network (RNN) --- fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle --- least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) --- driving conditions identification --- power distribution --- electric vehicle --- lithium-ion battery --- estimation --- Kalman filter --- state-of-charge --- state-of-health --- resistance --- open-circuit voltage --- battery capacity --- battery modelling and simulation --- battery testing cycler --- battery thermal model --- lithium-ion polymer battery --- SLI battery --- dual-motor energy recovery --- regenerative braking system --- CVT speed ratio control --- motor minimum loss --- energy consumption and efficiency characteristics --- braking force distribution --- oil–electric–hydraulic hybrid system --- lowest instantaneous energy costs --- energy management --- global optimization --- retired batteries --- energy storage applications --- layered bidirectional equalization --- equalization algorithm --- state of charge --- available capacity --- adaptive model-based algorithm --- square root cubature Kalman filter --- li-ion battery --- performance degradation modelling --- electrified propulsion --- battery sizing --- powertrain optimization --- optimal energy management --- heat and mass transfer --- thermal analysis --- Lithium-ion battery --- micro-channel cooling plate --- battery thermal management --- MeshWorks --- CFD --- diffusion induced stress --- hydrostatic stress influence on diffusion --- electrode particle model --- battery mechanical aging --- coulomb counting --- open circuit voltage --- state of health --- temperature --- new energy vehicle --- power battery --- battery reusing --- echelon utilization --- battery recycling --- electric vehicles --- electro-hydraulic braking --- braking intention --- mode switching --- torque coordinated control --- Electric Truck Simulator --- Electric Vehicle (EV) --- Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) --- Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) --- least-energy routing algorithm --- EV batteries --- metric evaluation --- AC–AC converters --- battery chargers --- power conversion harmonics --- wireless power transmission --- electrochemical–thermal model --- artificial intelligence --- artificial neural networks --- hybrid vehicles --- state-of-charge estimation (SOC) --- linear quadratic estimator --- lithium ion battery --- iron phosphate --- cell expansion --- force --- lithium-ion cobalt battery --- state of energy --- adaptive EKF SOC estimation --- linear observer SOC estimation --- MATLAB --- Simscape --- electric buses --- thermal energy storage --- latent heat storage --- metallic phase change material --- cabin heating --- fuel cell --- automated guided vehicle --- hybrid energy storage system --- model-based design --- waveforms modeling --- autoregressive models of nonstationary signals

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This book presents the results of the successful Sensors Special Issue on Intelligent Vehicles that received submissions between March 2019 and May 2020. The Guest Editors of this Special Issue are Dr. David Fernández-Llorca, Dr. Ignacio Parra-Alonso, Dr. Iván García-Daza and Dr. Noelia Parra-Alonso, all from the Computer Engineering Department at the University of Alcalá (Madrid, Spain). A total of 32 manuscripts were finally accepted between 2019 and 2020, presented by top researchers from all over the world. The reader will find a well-representative set of current research and developments related to sensors and sensing for intelligent vehicles. The topics of the published manuscripts can be grouped into seven main categories: (1) assistance systems and automatic vehicle operation, (2) vehicle positioning and localization, (3) fault diagnosis and fail-x systems, (4) perception and scene understanding, (5) smart regenerative braking systems for electric vehicles, (6) driver behavior modeling and (7) intelligent sensing. We, the Guest Editors, hope that the readers will find this book to contain interesting papers for their research, papers that they will enjoy reading as much as we have enjoyed organizing this Special Issue

tracking-by-detection --- multi-vehicle tracking --- Siamese network --- data association --- Markov decision process --- driving behavior --- real-time monitoring --- driver distraction --- mobile application --- portable system --- simulation test --- dynamic driving behavior --- traffic scene augmentation --- corridor model --- IMU --- vision --- classification networks --- Hough transform --- lane markings detection --- semantic segmentation --- transfer learning --- autonomous --- off-road driving --- tire-road forces estimation --- slip angle estimation --- gauge sensors --- fuzzy logic system --- load transfer estimation --- simulation results --- normalization --- lateral force empirical model --- driver monitor --- lane departure --- statistical process control --- fault detection --- sensor fault --- signal restoration --- intelligent vehicle --- autonomous vehicle --- kinematic model --- visual SLAM --- sparse direct method --- photometric calibration --- corner detection and filtering --- loop closure detection --- road friction coefficient --- tire model --- nonlinear observer --- self-aligning torque --- lateral displacement --- Lyapunov method --- automatic parking system (APS) --- end-to-end parking --- reinforcement learning --- parking slot tracking --- deceleration planning --- multi-layer perceptron --- smart regenerative braking --- electric vehicles --- vehicle speed prediction --- driver behavior modeling --- electric vehicle control --- driver characteristics online learning --- objects’ edge detection --- stixel histograms accumulate --- point cloud segmentation --- autonomous vehicles --- scene understanding --- occlusion reasoning --- road detection --- advanced driver assistance system --- trajectory prediction --- risk assessment --- collision warning --- connected vehicles --- vehicular communications --- vulnerable road users --- fail-operational systems --- fall-back strategy --- automated driving --- advanced driving assistance systems --- illumination --- shadow detection --- shadow edge --- image processing --- traffic light detection --- intelligent transportation system --- lane-changing --- merging maneuvers --- game theory --- decision-making --- intelligent vehicles --- model predictive controller --- automatic train operation --- softness factor --- fusion velocity --- online obtaining --- hardware-in-the-loop simulation --- driving assistant --- driving diagnosis --- accident risk maps --- driving safety --- intelligent driving --- virtual test environment --- millimeter wave radar --- lane-change decision --- risk perception --- mixed traffic --- minimum safe deceleration --- automated driving system (ADS) --- sensor fusion --- multi-lane detection --- particle filter --- self-driving car --- unscented Kalman filter --- vehicle model --- Monte Carlo localization --- millimeter-wave radar --- square-root cubature Kalman filter --- Sage-Husa algorithm --- target tracking --- stationary and moving object classification --- localization --- LiDAR --- GNSS --- Global Positioning System (GPS) --- monte carlo --- autonomous driving --- robot motion --- path planning --- piecewise linear approximation --- multiple-target path planning --- autonomous mobile robot --- homotopy based path planning --- LiDAR signal processing --- sensor and information fusion --- advanced driver assistance systems --- autonomous racing --- high-speed camera --- real-time systems --- LiDAR odometry --- fail-aware --- sensors --- sensing --- percepction --- object detection and tracking --- scene segmentation --- vehicle positioning --- fail-x systems --- driver behavior modelling --- automatic operation