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In contrast to the situation in heterotrophic organisms, plant genomes code for a significantly larger number of oxidoreductases such as thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutaredoxins (GRXs). These proteins provide a biochemical mechanism that allows the rapid and reversible activation or deactivation of protein functions in response to changing environmental conditions, as oxidative conditions caused by excessive photosynthesis. Indeed, owing to the fact that cysteines are sensitive to oxidation, TRXs and GRXs play an essential role in controlling the redox state of protein thiol groups. These redox-dependent post-translational modifications have proven to be critical for many cellular functions constituting regulatory, signalling or protective mechanisms. The articles contained in this Research Topic provide timely overviews and new insights into thiol-dependent redox regulation mechanisms with a focus on TRX- and GRX-based reduction systems in plants. The different contexts discussed take into account physiological, developmental and environmental conditions.

Homeostasis. --- Thioredoxin. --- Botany. --- redox signaling --- redox regulation --- thioredoxin --- Plants --- glutaredoxin --- Glutathione

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Due to their lightweight and high specific strength, Mg-based alloys are considered as substitutes to their heavier counterparts in applications in which corrosion is non-relevant and weight saving is of importance. Furthermore, due to the biocompatibility of Mg, some alloys with controlled corrosion rates are used as degradable implant materials in the medical sector. The typical processing route of Mg parts incorporates a casting step and, subsequently, a thermo–mechanical treatment. In order to achieve the desired macroscopic properties and thus fulfill the service requirements, thorough knowledge of the relationship between the microstructure, the processing steps, and the resulting property profile is necessary. This Special Issue covers in situ and ex situ experimental and computational investigations of the behavior under thermo–mechanical load of Mg-based alloys utilizing modern characterization and simulation techniques. The papers cover investigations on the effect of rare earth additions on the mechanical properties of different Mg alloys, including the effect of long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) structures, and the experimental and computational investigation of the effect of different processing routes

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- Arabidopsis --- abiotic stress response --- photosynthesis --- phosphoglycolate phosphatase --- photorespiration --- 2-phosphoglycolate --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- glycolate oxidase --- protein phosphorylation --- Zea mays --- Portulaca grandiflora --- C4 photosynthesis --- Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), evolution --- development --- PEP carboxylase --- Portulacaceae --- glycine decarboxylase --- metabolite signaling/acclimation --- TCA cycle --- Calvin–Benson cycle --- photoperiodic changes --- redox-regulation --- environmental adaptation --- Glycolate oxidase --- evolution --- Archaeplastida --- Cyanobacteria --- MCF --- oxidative phosphorylation --- mitochondrial carriers --- transporters --- energy balancing --- cyclic electron flux --- malate valve --- C3 cycle --- acclimation --- chlorophyll a fluorescence --- fluctuating light --- natural variation --- pyruvate kinase --- glycolysis --- respiratory metabolism --- n/a --- Calvin-Benson cycle

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This Special Issue features recent data concerning thioredoxins and glutaredoxins from various biological systems, including bacteria, mammals, and plants. Four of the sixteen articles are review papers that deal with the regulation of development of the effect of hydrogen peroxide and the interactions between oxidants and reductants, the description of methionine sulfoxide reductases, detoxification enzymes that require thioredoxin or glutaredoxin, and the response of plants to cold stress, respectively. This is followed by eleven research articles that focus on a reductant of thioredoxin in bacteria, a thioredoxin reductase, and a variety of plant and bacterial thioredoxins, including the m, f, o, and h isoforms and their targets. Various parameters are studied, including genetic, structural, and physiological properties of these systems. The redox regulation of monodehydroascorbate reductase, aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase could have very important consequences in plant metabolism. Also, the properties of the mitochondrial o-type thioredoxins and their unexpected capacity to bind iron–sulfur center (ISC) structures open new developments concerning the redox mitochondrial function and possibly ISC assembly in mitochondria. The final paper discusses interesting biotechnological applications of thioredoxin for breadmaking.

n/a --- regeneration --- posttranslational modification --- H2O2 --- chilling stress --- thioredoxin reductase --- X-ray crystallography --- photosynthesis --- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii --- protein --- monodehydroascorbate reductase --- methionine sulfoxide --- cysteine reactivity --- symbiosis --- plant --- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- thioredoxins --- redox homeostasis --- methionine sulfoxide reductases --- redox --- redox signalling --- chloroplast --- protein-protein recognition --- cyanobacteria --- specificity --- wheat --- methanoarchaea --- stress --- redox regulation --- dough rheology --- methionine sulfoxide reductase --- electrostatic surface --- Calvin cycle --- ALAD --- metazoan --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- baking --- cold temperature --- macromolecular crystallography --- protein oxidation --- function --- methionine oxidation --- development --- iron–sulfur cluster --- tetrapyrrole biosynthesis --- legume plant --- glutathionylation --- Calvin-Benson cycle --- adult stem cells --- carbon fixation --- plastidial --- methionine --- redox active site --- ROS --- water stress --- NADPH --- repair --- physiological function --- signaling --- thioredoxin --- antioxidants --- glutathione --- glutaredoxin --- flavin --- Isocitrate dehydrogenase --- thiol redox network --- ageing --- disulfide --- mitochondria --- chlorophyll --- proteomic --- cysteine alkylation --- ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase --- SAXS --- regulation --- oxidized protein repair --- ascorbate --- redox control --- nitrosylation --- iron-sulfur cluster

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This eBook focuses on current progress in understanding the role of chromatin structure, its modifications and remodeling in developmental and physiological processes. Eukaryotic genomes are packed into the supramolecular nucleoprotein structure of chromatin. Therefore, our understanding of processes such as DNA replication and repair, transcription, and cell differentiation requires an understanding of the structure and function of chromatin. While the nucleotide sequence of the DNA component of chromatin constitutes the genetic material of the cell, the other chromatin components (and also modifications of bases in the DNA itself) participate in so-called epigenetic processes. These processes are essential, e.g., in ontogenesis or adaptation to environmental changes. Therefore, epigenetics is particularly important (and elaborated) in plants that show a high developmental plasticity and, as sessile organisms, display an enormous capacity to cope with environmental stress. In these processes, epigenetic mechanisms show a crosstalk with plant signaling pathways mediated by phytohormones and redox components. You are welcome to read examples of current research and review articles in this hot research topic.

auxin --- chromatin remodeling factor --- cuticular wax --- drought tolerance --- epigenetic regulation --- leaf width --- histone modification --- narrow leaf --- OsCHR4 --- rice --- 3D-FISH --- barley --- chromatin --- hybrid --- introgression --- nucleus --- rye --- wheat --- chromatin remodeling --- INO80/SWR1 complexes --- NuA4 complex --- histone variant H2A.Z --- gene regulation --- plant development --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- epigenetics --- histone --- mass spectrometry --- post-translational modifications --- sodium butyrate --- trichostatin A --- Swi3-like proteins --- gene expression --- protein interaction --- leaf development --- tomato --- Arabidopsis --- KNL2 --- kinetochores --- RNA-seq --- centromere --- SWI3C --- SWI/SNF --- cold response --- ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling --- transcriptional control of gene expression --- circRNAs --- jasmonic acid --- GO enrichment --- miRNA decoys --- epigenetic modifications --- DNA methylation --- redox regulation --- reactive oxygen species --- nitric oxide --- antioxidants --- circular chromosome conformation capture --- genome architecture --- T-DNA --- transgenic --- chromosomal rearrangements --- synthetic biology --- n/a