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Geo-spatial analysis has become an essential component of hydrological studies to process and examine geo-spatial data such as hydrological variables (e.g., precipitation and discharge) and basin characteristics (e.g., DEM and land use land cover). The advancement of the data acquisition technique helps accumulate geo-spatial data with more extensive spatial coverage than traditional in-situ observations. The development of geo-spatial analytic methods is beneficial for the processing and analysis of multi-source data in a more efficient and reliable way for a variety of research and practical issues in hydrology. This book is a collection of the articles of a published Special Issue Geo-Spatial Analysis in Hydrology in the journal ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. The topics of the articles range from the improvement of geo-spatial analytic methods to the applications of geo-spatial analysis in emerging hydrological issues. The results of these articles show that traditional hydrological/hydraulic models coupled with geo-spatial techniques are a way to make streamflow simulations more efficient and reliable for flood-related decision making. Geo-spatial analysis based on more advanced methods and data is a reliable resolution to obtain high-resolution information for hydrological studies at fine spatial scale.

Canadian Hydrographic Service --- Satellite-Derived Bathymetry --- empirical --- classification --- photogrammetry --- level of confidence --- spatio-temporal GIS --- hydrodynamic model --- spatio-temporal computation framework --- flood risk --- 3D simulation --- watershed division --- Sentinel-2A --- Google Earth Engine (GEE) --- Taihu Basin --- hydrology --- plains area --- RapidEye --- water quality --- red edge --- remote sensing --- flash flood --- PCSWMM --- curve number --- rainfall-runoff model --- HEC-RAS --- Pakistan --- crop water requirement --- reflectance-based crop coefficients --- normalized difference vegetation index --- evapotranspiration --- geo-spatial analysis --- scaling issue --- basin characteristic extraction --- hydrological modelling

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Machine learning is extending its applications in various fields, such as image processing, the Internet of Things, user interface, big data, manufacturing, management, etc. As data are required to build machine learning networks, sensors are one of the most important technologies. In addition, machine learning networks can contribute to the improvement in sensor performance and the creation of new sensor applications. This Special Issue addresses all types of machine learning applications related to sensors and imaging. It covers computer vision-based control, activity recognition, fuzzy label classification, failure classification, motor temperature estimation, the camera calibration of intelligent vehicles, error detection, color prior model, compressive sensing, wildfire risk assessment, shelf auditing, forest-growing stem volume estimation, road management, image denoising, and touchscreens.

star image --- image denoising --- reinforcement learning --- maximum likelihood estimation --- mixed Poisson–Gaussian likelihood --- machine learning-based classification --- non-uniform foundation --- stochastic analysis --- vehicle–pavement–foundation interaction --- forest growing stem volume --- coniferous plantations --- variable selection --- texture feature --- random forest --- red-edge band --- on-shelf availability --- semi-supervised learning --- deep learning --- image classification --- machine learning --- explainable artificial intelligence --- wildfire --- risk assessment --- Naïve bayes --- transmission-line corridors --- image encryption --- compressive sensing --- plaintext related --- chaotic system --- convolutional neural network --- color prior model --- object detection --- piston error detection --- segmented telescope --- BP artificial neural network --- modulation transfer function --- computer vision --- intelligent vehicles --- extrinsic camera calibration --- structure from motion --- convex optimization --- temperature estimation --- BLDC --- electric machine protection --- touchscreen --- capacitive --- display --- SNR --- stylus --- laser cutting --- quality monitoring --- artificial neural network --- burr formation --- cut interruption --- fiber laser --- semi-supervised --- fuzzy --- noisy --- real-world --- plankton --- marine --- activity recognition --- wearable sensors --- imbalanced activities --- sampling methods --- path planning --- Q-learning --- neural network --- YOLO algorithm --- robot arm --- target reaching --- obstacle avoidance

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Machine learning is extending its applications in various fields, such as image processing, the Internet of Things, user interface, big data, manufacturing, management, etc. As data are required to build machine learning networks, sensors are one of the most important technologies. In addition, machine learning networks can contribute to the improvement in sensor performance and the creation of new sensor applications. This Special Issue addresses all types of machine learning applications related to sensors and imaging. It covers computer vision-based control, activity recognition, fuzzy label classification, failure classification, motor temperature estimation, the camera calibration of intelligent vehicles, error detection, color prior model, compressive sensing, wildfire risk assessment, shelf auditing, forest-growing stem volume estimation, road management, image denoising, and touchscreens.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- star image --- image denoising --- reinforcement learning --- maximum likelihood estimation --- mixed Poisson–Gaussian likelihood --- machine learning-based classification --- non-uniform foundation --- stochastic analysis --- vehicle–pavement–foundation interaction --- forest growing stem volume --- coniferous plantations --- variable selection --- texture feature --- random forest --- red-edge band --- on-shelf availability --- semi-supervised learning --- deep learning --- image classification --- machine learning --- explainable artificial intelligence --- wildfire --- risk assessment --- Naïve bayes --- transmission-line corridors --- image encryption --- compressive sensing --- plaintext related --- chaotic system --- convolutional neural network --- color prior model --- object detection --- piston error detection --- segmented telescope --- BP artificial neural network --- modulation transfer function --- computer vision --- intelligent vehicles --- extrinsic camera calibration --- structure from motion --- convex optimization --- temperature estimation --- BLDC --- electric machine protection --- touchscreen --- capacitive --- display --- SNR --- stylus --- laser cutting --- quality monitoring --- artificial neural network --- burr formation --- cut interruption --- fiber laser --- semi-supervised --- fuzzy --- noisy --- real-world --- plankton --- marine --- activity recognition --- wearable sensors --- imbalanced activities --- sampling methods --- path planning --- Q-learning --- neural network --- YOLO algorithm --- robot arm --- target reaching --- obstacle avoidance --- star image --- image denoising --- reinforcement learning --- maximum likelihood estimation --- mixed Poisson–Gaussian likelihood --- machine learning-based classification --- non-uniform foundation --- stochastic analysis --- vehicle–pavement–foundation interaction --- forest growing stem volume --- coniferous plantations --- variable selection --- texture feature --- random forest --- red-edge band --- on-shelf availability --- semi-supervised learning --- deep learning --- image classification --- machine learning --- explainable artificial intelligence --- wildfire --- risk assessment --- Naïve bayes --- transmission-line corridors --- image encryption --- compressive sensing --- plaintext related --- chaotic system --- convolutional neural network --- color prior model --- object detection --- piston error detection --- segmented telescope --- BP artificial neural network --- modulation transfer function --- computer vision --- intelligent vehicles --- extrinsic camera calibration --- structure from motion --- convex optimization --- temperature estimation --- BLDC --- electric machine protection --- touchscreen --- capacitive --- display --- SNR --- stylus --- laser cutting --- quality monitoring --- artificial neural network --- burr formation --- cut interruption --- fiber laser --- semi-supervised --- fuzzy --- noisy --- real-world --- plankton --- marine --- activity recognition --- wearable sensors --- imbalanced activities --- sampling methods --- path planning --- Q-learning --- neural network --- YOLO algorithm --- robot arm --- target reaching --- obstacle avoidance

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The Special Issue on “Remote Sensing in Agriculture: State-of-the-Art” gives an exhaustive overview of the ongoing remote sensing technology transfer into the agricultural sector. It consists of 10 high-quality papers focusing on a wide range of remote sensing models and techniques to forecast crop production and yield, to map agricultural landscape and to evaluate plant and soil biophysical features. Satellite, RPAS, and SAR data were involved. This preface describes shortly each contribution published in such Special Issue.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- feature selection --- spectral angle mapper --- support vector machine --- support vector regression --- hyperspectral imaging --- UAV --- cross-scale --- yellow rust --- spatial resolution --- winter wheat --- MODIS --- northern Mongolia --- remote sensing indices --- spring wheat --- yield estimation --- UAV-based LiDAR --- biomass --- crop height --- field phenotyping --- oasis crop type mapping --- Sentinel-1 and 2 integration --- statistically homogeneous pixels (SHPs) --- red-edge spectral bands and indices --- recursive feature increment (RFI) --- random forest (RF) --- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) --- remote sensing (RS) --- thermal UAV RS --- thermal infrared (TIR) --- precision agriculture (PA) --- crop water stress monitoring --- plant disease detection --- vegetation status monitoring --- Landsat --- data blending --- crop yield prediction --- gap-filling --- volumetric soil moisture --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- Sentinel-1 --- soil moisture semi-empirical model --- soil moisture Karnataka India --- reflectance --- digital number (DN) --- vegetation index (VI) --- Parrot Sequoia (Sequoia) --- DJI Phantom 4 Multispectral (P4M) --- Synthetic Aperture Radar --- SAR --- lodging --- Hidden Markov Random Field --- HMRF --- CDL --- corn --- soybean --- crop Monitoring --- crop management --- apple orchard damage --- polarimetric decomposition --- entropy --- anisotropy --- alpha angle --- storm damage mapping --- economic loss --- insurance support

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This book compiles a set of original and innovative papers included in the Special Issue on UAVs for vegetation monitoring, which proves the wide scope of UAVs in very diverse vegetation applications, both in agricultural and forestry scenarios, ranging from the characterization of relevant vegetation features to the detection of plant or crop stressors. New methods and techniques are developed and applied to diverse vegetation scenarios to meet the main challenge of sustainability.

Research & information: general --- UAS --- UAV --- vegetation cover --- multispectral --- land cover --- forest --- Acacia --- Indonesia --- tropics --- vegetation ground cover --- vegetation indices --- agro-environmental measures --- olive groves --- southern Spain --- sUAS --- water stress --- ornamental --- container-grown --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- neural network --- visual recognition --- precision agriculture --- canopy cover --- image analysis --- crop mapping --- evapotranspiration (ET) --- GRAPEX --- remote sensing --- Two Source Energy Balance model (TSEB) --- contextual spatial domain/resolution --- data aggregation --- eddy covariance (EC) --- Fusarium wilt --- crop disease --- banana --- multispectral remote sensing --- purple rapeseed leaves --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- U-Net --- plant segmentation --- nitrogen stress --- Glycine max --- RGB --- canopy height --- close remote sensing --- growth model --- curve fitting --- NDVI --- solar zenith angle --- flight altitude --- time of day --- operating parameters --- CNN --- Faster RCNN --- SSD --- Inception v2 --- patch-based CNN --- MobileNet v2 --- detection performance --- inference time --- disease detection --- cotton root rot --- plant-level --- single-plant --- plant-by-plant --- classification --- UAV remote sensing --- crop monitoring --- RGB imagery --- multispectral imagery --- century-old biochar --- semantic segmentation --- random forest --- crop canopy --- multispectral image --- chlorophyll content --- remote sensing technique --- individual plant segmentation --- plant detection --- transfer learning --- maize tassel --- tassel branch number --- convolution neural network --- VGG16 --- plant nitrogen estimation --- vegetation index --- image segmentation --- transpiration --- method comparison --- oil palm --- multiple linear regression --- support vector machine --- artificial neural network --- UAV hyperspectral --- wheat yellow rust --- disease monitoring --- texture --- spatial resolution --- RGB camera --- thermal camera --- drought tolerance --- forage grass --- HSV --- CIELab --- broad-sense heritability --- phenotyping gap --- high throughput field phenotyping --- UAV digital images --- winter wheat biomass --- multiscale textures --- red-edge spectra --- least squares support vector machine --- variable importance --- drone --- hyperspectral --- thermal --- nutrient deficiency --- weed detection --- disease diagnosis --- plant trails --- UAS --- UAV --- vegetation cover --- multispectral --- land cover --- forest --- Acacia --- Indonesia --- tropics --- vegetation ground cover --- vegetation indices --- agro-environmental measures --- olive groves --- southern Spain --- sUAS --- water stress --- ornamental --- container-grown --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- neural network --- visual recognition --- precision agriculture --- canopy cover --- image analysis --- crop mapping --- evapotranspiration (ET) --- GRAPEX --- remote sensing --- Two Source Energy Balance model (TSEB) --- contextual spatial domain/resolution --- data aggregation --- eddy covariance (EC) --- Fusarium wilt --- crop disease --- banana --- multispectral remote sensing --- purple rapeseed leaves --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- U-Net --- plant segmentation --- nitrogen stress --- Glycine max --- RGB --- canopy height --- close remote sensing --- growth model --- curve fitting --- NDVI --- solar zenith angle --- flight altitude --- time of day --- operating parameters --- CNN --- Faster RCNN --- SSD --- Inception v2 --- patch-based CNN --- MobileNet v2 --- detection performance --- inference time --- disease detection --- cotton root rot --- plant-level --- single-plant --- plant-by-plant --- classification --- UAV remote sensing --- crop monitoring --- RGB imagery --- multispectral imagery --- century-old biochar --- semantic segmentation --- random forest --- crop canopy --- multispectral image --- chlorophyll content --- remote sensing technique --- individual plant segmentation --- plant detection --- transfer learning --- maize tassel --- tassel branch number --- convolution neural network --- VGG16 --- plant nitrogen estimation --- vegetation index --- image segmentation --- transpiration --- method comparison --- oil palm --- multiple linear regression --- support vector machine --- artificial neural network --- UAV hyperspectral --- wheat yellow rust --- disease monitoring --- texture --- spatial resolution --- RGB camera --- thermal camera --- drought tolerance --- forage grass --- HSV --- CIELab --- broad-sense heritability --- phenotyping gap --- high throughput field phenotyping --- UAV digital images --- winter wheat biomass --- multiscale textures --- red-edge spectra --- least squares support vector machine --- variable importance --- drone --- hyperspectral --- thermal --- nutrient deficiency --- weed detection --- disease diagnosis --- plant trails